AI Chat Paper
Note: Please note that the following content is generated by AMiner AI. SciOpen does not take any responsibility related to this content.
{{lang === 'zh_CN' ? '文章概述' : 'Summary'}}
{{lang === 'en_US' ? '中' : 'Eng'}}
Chat more with AI
Powered by AMiner. Clicking this button will take you away from SciOpen.
Home Friction Article
PDF (2.6 MB)
Cite
EndNote(RIS) BibTeX
Collect
Submit Manuscript AI Chat Paper
Show Outline
Outline
Show full outline
Hide outline
Outline
Show full outline
Hide outline
Research Article | Open Access

Crystallographic orientation dependence on nanoscale friction behavior of energetic β-HMX crystal

Ying YIN1( ), Hongtao LI1, Zhihong CAO2, Binghong LI2, Qingshan LI2, Hongtu HE2( ), Jiaxin YU2( )
Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621999, China
Key Laboratory of Testing Technology for Manufacturing Process in Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Environment-friendly Energy Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
Show Author Information

Graphical Abstract

Abstract

Tribology behaviors of energetic crystals play critical roles in the friction-induced hotspot in high-energy explosive, however, the binder and energetic crystals are not distinguished properly in previous investigations. In this study, for the first time, the nanoscale friction of β-octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (β-HMX) crystal is studied with nanoscratch tests under the ramping load mode. The results show that the nanoscale friction and wear of β-HMX crystal, as a typical energetic material, is highly depended on the applied load. The friction coefficient of β-HMX crystal is initially high when no discernible wear is observed, and then it decreases to a stable value which varies from ~0.2 to ~0.7, depending on the applied load, scratch direction, and crystal planes. The β-HMX (011) surfaces show weakly friction and wear anisotropy behavior; in contrast, the β-HMX (110) surfaces show strongly friction and wear anisotropy behavior where the friction coefficient, critical load for the elastic–plastic deformation transition and plastic–cracking deformation transition, and deformation index at higher normal load are highly depended on the scratch directions. Further analyses indicate the slip system and direction of β-HMX surfaces play key roles in determining the nanoscale friction and wear of β-HMX surfaces. The obtained results can provide deeper insight into the friction and wear of energetic crystal materials.

Keywords

frictionwearplastic deformationnanoscratchβ-octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (β-HMX)

Electronic Supplementary Material

Download File(s)
40544_0725_ESM.pdf (2.5 MB)

References

[1]
Choi C S, Boutin H P. A study of the crystal structure of β-cyclotetramethylene tetranitramine by neutron diffraction. Acta Cryst 26(9): 1235–1240 (1970)
Crossref Google Scholar
[2]
Risse B, Schnell F, Spitzer D. Synthesis and desensitization of nano-β-HMX. Propell Explos Pyrot 39(3): 397–401 (2014)
Crossref Google Scholar
[3]
Weese R K, Maienschein J L, Perrino C T. Kinetics of the β→δ solid–solid phase transition of HMX, octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine. Thermochim Acta 401(1): 1–7 (2003)
Crossref Google Scholar
[4]
Sharia O, Kuklja M M. Modeling thermal decomposition mechanisms in gaseous and crystalline molecular materials: Application to β-HMX. J Phys Chem B 115: 12677–12686 (2011)
Crossref Google Scholar
[5]
Long Y, Chen J, Liu Y G, Nie F D, Sun J S. A direct method to calculate thermal conductivity and its application in solid HMX. J Phys Condens Matter 22: 185404 (2010)
Crossref Google Scholar
[6]
Norris R S, Kristensen H M, Handler J. The B61 family of nuclear bombs. Bull Atom Sci 59: 74–76 (2003)
Crossref Google Scholar
[7]
Hunt E M, Malcolm S, Pantoya M L, Davis F. Impact ignition of nano and micron composite energetic materials. Int J Impact Eng 36(6): 842–846 (2009)
Crossref Google Scholar
[8]
Perry W L, Gunderson J A, Balkey M M, Dickson P M. Impact-induced friction ignition of an explosive: Infrared observations and modeling. J Appl Phys 108(8): 084902 (2010)
Crossref Google Scholar
[9]
Guo Y, Liu R, Chen P, Zhou B, Hu G, Han C, Lv K, Zhu S. Mechanical behavior of PBX with different HMX crystal size during die pressing: Experimental study and DEM simulation. Compo Sci Tech 222: 109378 (2022)
Crossref Google Scholar
[10]
Zhao P, Lu F, Chen R, Lin Y L, Li J L, Lu L, Sun G L. A technique for combined dynamic compression-shear test. Rev Sci Instrum 82: 035110 (2011)
Crossref Google Scholar
[11]
Hoffman D M, Chandler J B. Aspects of the tribology of the plastic bonded explosive (PBX) 9404. J Energetic Mater 22(4): 199–216 (2004)
Crossref Google Scholar
[12]
Zhao J, Wu L, Hua F, Feng Z. Research on the friction coefficient between explosive and different material. Chin J High Pressure Phys 28(5): 591–596 (2014)
Google Scholar
[13]
Cao Z M, Zong W J, He C L, Huang J H, Liu W, Wei Z Y. Thermal safety model of HMX-based explosives in diamond turning. Mater Des 205: 109698 (2021)
Crossref Google Scholar
[14]
Qin J, Chen R, Wen X, Lin Y, Liang M, Lu F. Mechanical behaviour of dual-phase high-strength steel under high strain rate tensile loading. Mater Sci Eng A 586: 62–70 (2013)
Crossref Google Scholar
[15]
Duarte C A, Kohler R, Koslowsk M. Dynamic fracture and frictional heating due to periodic excitation in energetic materials. J Appl Phys 124: 165109 (2018)
Crossref Google Scholar
[16]
Stempflé P, Takadoum J. Multi-asperity nanotribological behavior of single-crystal silicon: Crystallography-induced anisotropy in friction and wear. Tribol Int 48: 35–43 (2012)
Crossref Google Scholar
[17]
Geng Y, Zhang J, Yan Y, Yu B, Geng L, Sun T. Experimental and theoretical investigation of crystallographic orientation dependence of nanoscratching of single crystalline copper. PLoS One 10(7): e0131886 (2015)
Crossref Google Scholar
[18]
Alfyorova E, Lychagin D V, Filippov A V. Octahedral slip in nickel single crystals induced by scratch testing. Lett Mater 8(4): 415–418 (2018)
Crossref Google Scholar
[19]
Sun Y, Liu J, Li J, Dong L, Zhao W. Molecular dynamics simulation study on crystal anisotropy of single crystal Mg nano-scratch. Appl Phys A 128: 484 (2022)
Crossref Google Scholar
[20]
Liu H, Zong W, Cheng X. Origins for the anisotropy of the friction force of diamond sliding on diamond. Tribol Int 148: 106298 (2020)
Crossref Google Scholar
[21]
Tao Y, Xu J, Zhang H, Huang S, Yang Z, Sun J, Lei M. An experimental and theoretical study on the growth of plate-like β-HMX crystals in the hydroxylated interlayer space. Phys Chem Chem Phys 23: 12340–12349 (2021)
Crossref Google Scholar
[22]
Surber E, Lozano A, Lagutchev A, Kim H, Dlott D D. Surface nonlinear vibrational spectroscopy of energetic materials: HMX. J Phys Chem C 111(5): 2235–2241 (2007)
Crossref Google Scholar
[23]
Cady H H, Larson A C, Cromer D T. The crystal structure of α-HMX and a refinement of the structure of β-HMX. Acta Cryst 16(7): 617–623 (1963)
Crossref Google Scholar
[24]
Xu N, Han W, Wang Y, Li J, Shan Z. Nanoscratching of copper surface by CeO2. Acta Mater 124: 343–350 (2017)
Crossref Google Scholar
[25]
Ye Y X, Liu C Z, Wang H, Nieh T G. Friction and wear behavior of a single-phase equiatomic TiZrHfNb high-entropy alloy studied using a nanoscratch technique. Acta Mater 147: 78–89 (2018)
Crossref Google Scholar
[26]
Wang Y, Zhu Y, Zhao D, Bian D. Nanoscratch of aluminum in dry, water and aqueous H2O2 conditions. Appl Sur Sci 464: 229–235 (2019)
Crossref Google Scholar
[27]
Johnson K L. Contact Mechanics. Cambridge (UK): Cambridge University Press, 2003.
[28]
Xu N, Ma J, Liu Q, Han W, Shan Z. Size Effect of CeO2 particle on nanoscale single-asperity sliding friction. Tribol Lett 70: 4 (2022)
Crossref Google Scholar
[29]
Mokhtar M O A, Zaki M, Shawki G S A. Effect of mechanical properties on frictional behaviour of metals. Tribol Int 12(6): 265–268 (1979)
Crossref Google Scholar
[30]
Li M, Tan W, Kang B, Xu R, Tang W. The elastic modulus of β-HMX crystals determined by nanoindentation. Propell Explos Pyrot 35(4): 379–383(2010)
Crossref Google Scholar
[31]
Mokhtar M O A. The effect of hardness on the frictional behaviour of metals. Wear 78(3): 297–304 (1982)
Crossref Google Scholar
[32]
Yu J, Kim SH, Yu B, Qian L, Zhou Z. Role of tribochemistry in nanowear of single-crystalline silicon. ACS Appl Mater Inter 4(3): 1585–1593 (2012)
Crossref Google Scholar
[33]
Yu J, Qian L, Yu B, Zhou Z. Nanofretting behaviors of monocrystalline silicon (100) against diamond tips in atmosphere and vacuum. Wear 267(1): 322–329 (2009)
Crossref Google Scholar
[34]
Ponton C B, Rawlings R D. Vickers indentation fracture toughness test: Part I. Review of literature and formulation of standardised indentation toughness equations. Mater Sci Tech 5: 865–872 (1989)
Crossref Google Scholar
[35]
Quinn J B, Quinn G D. Indentation brittleness of ceramics a fresh approach. J Mater Sci 32: 4331–4346 (1997)
Crossref Google Scholar
[36]
Gallagher H G, Miller J C, Sheen D B, Sherwood J N, Vrcelj R M. Mechanical properties of β-HMX. Chem Cent J 9(1): 1–15 (2015)
Crossref Google Scholar
[37]
Chen L, Hu L, Xiao C, Qi Y, Yu B, Qian L. Effect of crystallographic orientation on mechanical removal of CaF2. Wear 376: 409–416 (2017)
Crossref Google Scholar
[38]
Armstrong R W, Arnold W, Zerilli F J. Dislocation mechanics of copper and iron in high rate deformation tests. J Appl Phys 105: 023511 (2009)
Crossref Google Scholar
[39]
Gao H, Wang Q, Ke X, Liu J, Hao G, Xiao L, Chen T, Jiang W, Liu Q. Preparation and characterization of an ultrafine HMX/NQ co-crystal by vacuum freeze drying method. RSC Adv 7: 46229–46235 (2017)
Crossref Google Scholar
[40]
Sui Z, Sun X, Liang W, Dai R, Wang Z, Huang S, Zheng X, Zhang Z, Wu Q. Phase confirmation and equation of state of β-HMX under 40 GPa. J Phys Chem C 123(50): 30121–30128 (2019)
Crossref Google Scholar
[41]
Talamadupula K K, Povolny S J, Prakash N, Seidel G D. Mesoscale strain and damage sensing in nanocomposite bonded energetic materials under low velocity impact with frictional heating via peridynamics. Modelling Simul Mater Sci Eng 28: 085011 (2020)
Crossref Google Scholar
[42]
Li X, Liu Y, Sun Y. Dynamic mechanical damage and non-shock initiation of a new polymer bonded explosive during penetration. Polymers 12: 1342 (2020)
Crossref Google Scholar
[43]
Yang K, Wu Y, Huang F. Damage and hotspot formation simulation for impact-shear loaded PBXs using combined microcrack and microvoid model. Eur J Mechan A Solids 80: 103924 (2020)
Crossref Google Scholar
[44]
He H, Qian L, Pantano C G, Kim S H. Effects of humidity and counter-surface on tribochemical wear of soda-lime-silica glass. Wear 342: 100–106 (2015)
Crossref Google Scholar
[45]
He H, Hahn S H, Yu J, Qian L, Kim S H. Factors governing wear of soda lime silicate glass: Insights from comparison between nano- and macro-scale wear. Tribol Int 171: 107566 (2022)
Crossref Google Scholar
[46]
He H, Kim S H, Qian L. Effects of contact pressure, counter-surface and humidity on wear of soda-lime-silica glass at nanoscale. Tribol Int 94: 675-681 (2016)
Crossref Google Scholar
[47]
Bennett J G, Haberman K S, Johnson J N, Asay B W. A constitutive model for the non-shock ignition and mechanical response of high explosives. J Mech Phys Solids 46(12): 2303–2322 (1998)
Crossref Google Scholar
[48]
Duarte C A, Grilli N, Koslowski M. Effect of initial damage variability on hot-spot nucleation in energetic materials. J Appl Phys 124: 025104 (2018)
Crossref Google Scholar
[49]
Lee J, Hsu C, Chang C. A study on the thermal decomposition behaviors of PETN, RDX, HNS and HMX. Thermochimi Acta 392–393: 173–176 (2002)
Crossref Google Scholar
[50]
Barthel A J, Al-Azizi A, Surdyka N D, Kim S H. Effects of gas or vapor adsorption on adhesion, friction, and wear of solid interfaces. Langmuir 30(11): 2977–2992 (2014)
Crossref Google Scholar
[51]
Xiao C, Shi P, Yan W, Chen L, Qian L, Kim S H. Thickness and structure of adsorbed water layer and effects on adhesion and friction at nanoasperity contact. Coll Inter 3(3): 55 (2019)
Crossref Google Scholar
[52]
Zeng G, Sun W, Song R, Tansu N, Krick B A. Crystal orientation dependence of gallium nitride wear. Sci Rep 7: 14126 (2017)
Crossref Google Scholar
Friction
Volume 11 Issue 12,
December 2023
Pages 2264-2277
DOI: 10.1007/s40544-022-0725-3
Cite this article:
YIN Y, LI H, CAO Z, et al. Crystallographic orientation dependence on nanoscale friction behavior of energetic β-HMX crystal. Friction, 2023, 11(12): 2264-2277. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40544-022-0725-3

417

Views

13

Downloads

3

Crossref

2

Web of Science

3

Scopus

1

CSCD

Altmetrics
Received: 23 June 2022
Revised: 09 August 2022
Accepted: 21 November 2022
Published: 13 March 2023
© The author(s) 2022.

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made.

The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder.

To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
Return