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Research Article | Online first | Published: 19 April 2024

Double-kill contribution of high-roughness high-density porous carbon electrodes to mechanically self-sensing supercapacitors

Show Author's Information Jue Huang1,2,  Pengyu Liu3,  Yiqun Wang1,2,  Keren Dai1,4( ),  Qingyun Dou3( ),  Yajiang Yin5,  Xiaofeng Wang1,2( ),  Zheng You1,2
Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Beijing 100084, China
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
ZNDY of Ministerial Key Laboratory, School of Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
Qiyuan Laboratory, Beijing 100095, China
Keywords:
supercapacitor, self-sensing, soft short-circuit, impact sensing
Topics:
Supercapacitor
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Huang J, Liu P, Wang Y, et al. Double-kill contribution of high-roughness high-density porous carbon electrodes to mechanically self-sensing supercapacitors. Nano Research, 2024, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-024-6607-4
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Abstract Full text Electronic supplementary material About this article

Impact detecting and counting are fundamental functions of fuses used in hard target penetration weapons. However, detection failure caused by battery breakdown in high-g acceleration environments poses a vulnerability for such weapons. This paper introduces a novel supercapacitor that combines energy storage and high-g impact detection, called self-sensing supercapacitor. By deliberately inducing a transient soft short-circuit during shock in the supercapacitor, it is possible to detect external impact by its transient voltage drop. To realize this concept, firstly, by introducing the contact theory and force-induced percolation model, the electrode strength and roughness are found to have key impacts on the formation of soft circuits. Subsequently, to meet the needs for sensitivity and capacity, a high-density porous carbon (HDPC) that combines high mechanical strength and porosity, is selected as a suitable candidate based on the analysis results. Furthermore, a two-step curing method is proposed to prepare the high-roughness HDPC (HRHDPC) electrode and to assemble the self-sensing supercapacitor. Due to the rich specific surface of the electrodes and the high surface strength and roughness conducive to the formation of transient soft short circuits, the self-sensing supercapacitor not only possesses an excellent specific capacitance (171 F/g at 0.5 A/g) but also generates significant voltage response signals when subjected to high-g impacts ranging from 8000g to 31,000g. Finally, the self-sensing supercapacitor is applied to compose a successive high-g impact counting system and compared to traditional solutions (sensors and tantalum capacitors) in the military fuzes. The results show that the self-sensing supercapacitor-based system exhibits advantages in terms of size, power consumption, and counting accuracy.


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Electronic supplementary material
About this article

Double-kill contribution of high-roughness high-density porous carbon electrodes to mechanically self-sensing supercapacitors

Show Author's information Jue Huang1,2, Pengyu Liu3, Yiqun Wang1,2, Keren Dai1,4( ), Qingyun Dou3( ), Yajiang Yin5, Xiaofeng Wang1,2( ), Zheng You1,2
Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Beijing 100084, China
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
ZNDY of Ministerial Key Laboratory, School of Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
Qiyuan Laboratory, Beijing 100095, China

Abstract

Impact detecting and counting are fundamental functions of fuses used in hard target penetration weapons. However, detection failure caused by battery breakdown in high-g acceleration environments poses a vulnerability for such weapons. This paper introduces a novel supercapacitor that combines energy storage and high-g impact detection, called self-sensing supercapacitor. By deliberately inducing a transient soft short-circuit during shock in the supercapacitor, it is possible to detect external impact by its transient voltage drop. To realize this concept, firstly, by introducing the contact theory and force-induced percolation model, the electrode strength and roughness are found to have key impacts on the formation of soft circuits. Subsequently, to meet the needs for sensitivity and capacity, a high-density porous carbon (HDPC) that combines high mechanical strength and porosity, is selected as a suitable candidate based on the analysis results. Furthermore, a two-step curing method is proposed to prepare the high-roughness HDPC (HRHDPC) electrode and to assemble the self-sensing supercapacitor. Due to the rich specific surface of the electrodes and the high surface strength and roughness conducive to the formation of transient soft short circuits, the self-sensing supercapacitor not only possesses an excellent specific capacitance (171 F/g at 0.5 A/g) but also generates significant voltage response signals when subjected to high-g impacts ranging from 8000g to 31,000g. Finally, the self-sensing supercapacitor is applied to compose a successive high-g impact counting system and compared to traditional solutions (sensors and tantalum capacitors) in the military fuzes. The results show that the self-sensing supercapacitor-based system exhibits advantages in terms of size, power consumption, and counting accuracy.

Keywords: supercapacitor, self-sensing, soft short-circuit, impact sensing

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Publication history
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Acknowledgements

Publication history

Received: 16 January 2024
Revised: 29 February 2024
Accepted: 05 March 2024
Published: 19 April 2024

Copyright

© Tsinghua University Press 2024

Acknowledgements

Acknowledgements

This work was supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 52007084) and in part by the Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program by CAST (No. 2023QNRC001).

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