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Review Article

Engineered plant extracellular vesicles for autoimmune diseases therapy

Ruina Han1,2,3,§Yan Wu1,2,3,§Yafei Han1,2,3,§Xiangfei Liu4( )Han Liu1,2,3( )Jiacan Su1,2,3,5( )
Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
Organoid Research Center, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
National Center for Translational Medicine (Shanghai) SHU Branch, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Zhongye Hospital, Shanghai 200941, China
Department of Orthopedics, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China

§ Ruina Han, Yan Wu, and Yafei Han contributed equally to this work.

Show Author Information

Graphical Abstract

Natural plant extracellular vesicles (PEVs) derived from natural plants and engineered PEVs together constitute a new generation of therapeutic strategies for autoimmune diseases (AID).

Abstract

Autoimmune diseases (AID) encompass a diverse array of conditions characterized by immune system dysregulation, resulting in aberrant responses of B cells and T cells against the body’s own healthy tissues. Plant extracellular vesicles (PEVs) are nanoscale particles enclosed by phospholipid bilayers, secreted by plant cells, which facilitate intercellular communication by transporting various bioactive molecules. Due to their nanoscale structure, safety, abundant sources, low immunogenicity, high yield, biocompatibility, and effective targeting of the colon and liver, PEVs are regarded as a promising platform for the treatment of AID. This review provides a comprehensive summary of PEV biogenesis, physicochemical and biological properties, internalization mechanisms, isolation methods, and their applications in various diseases, with a specific focus on their potential roles in AID. Additionally, we propose engineering approaches and administration methods for PEVs. Finally, we present an overview of the advantages and challenges associated with utilizing PEVs for the treatment of AID. By gaining a comprehensive understanding of PEVs, we anticipate the development of innovative therapeutic strategies for AID. Natural and engineered PEVs hold substantial promise as a valuable resource for innovative technologies in AID treatment.

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Nano Research
Pages 2857-2873
Cite this article:
Han R, Wu Y, Han Y, et al. Engineered plant extracellular vesicles for autoimmune diseases therapy. Nano Research, 2024, 17(4): 2857-2873. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-023-6112-1
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Received: 20 July 2023
Revised: 20 August 2023
Accepted: 21 August 2023
Published: 18 September 2023
© Tsinghua University Press 2023
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