Journal Home > Volume 16 , Issue 6
Nano Research 2023, 16(6): 8173-8190 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-023-5427-7
Review Article | Issue | Published: 10 February 2023

Tactics to optimize conversion-type metal fluoride/sulfide/oxide cathodes toward advanced lithium metal batteries

Show Author's Information Dong Yan1,  Hui Ying Yang2,  Ying Bai1( )
International Joint Laboratory of New Energy Materials and Devices of Henan Province, School of Physics & Electronics, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
Pillar of Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore 487372, Singapore
Keywords:
electrochemical performances, lithium metal batteries, conversion-type cathodes, optimizing strategies
Topics:
Storage (materials)
Cite this article:
Yan D, Yang HY, Bai Y. Tactics to optimize conversion-type metal fluoride/sulfide/oxide cathodes toward advanced lithium metal batteries. Nano Research, 2023, 16(6): 8173-8190. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-023-5427-7
Download citation
EndNote(RIS)
BibTeX

1791

Views

170

Downloads

Citations

41

Crossref

45

WoS

42

Scopus

1

CSCD

Abstract Full text About this article

Considering limited energy density of current lithium metal batteries (LMBs) due to low capacity of traditional intercalation-type cathodes, alternative high-energy cathodes are eagerly demanded. In this regard, conversion-type metal fluoride/sulfide/oxide cathodes have emerged great attention owing to their high theoretical specific capacities, supplying outstanding energy density for advanced LMBs. However, their low ionic/electrical conductivities, huge volume changes, sluggish reaction kinetics, and severe side reactions result in quick capacity fading and poor rate capability of LMBs. Recent research efforts on the conversion-type cathodes have brought new insights, as well as effective approaches toward realizing their excellent electrochemical performances. Here, the recent discoveries, challenges, and optimizing strategies including morphology regulation, phase structure engineering, surface coating, heterostructure construction, binder functionalization, and electrolyte design, are reviewed in detail. Finally, perspectives on the conversion-type metal fluoride/sulfide/oxide cathodes in LMBs are provided. It is believed that the conversion-type cathodes hold a promising future for the next-generation LMBs with high energy density.


menu
Abstract
Full text
Outline
About this article

Tactics to optimize conversion-type metal fluoride/sulfide/oxide cathodes toward advanced lithium metal batteries

Show Author's information Dong Yan1, Hui Ying Yang2, Ying Bai1( )
International Joint Laboratory of New Energy Materials and Devices of Henan Province, School of Physics & Electronics, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
Pillar of Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore 487372, Singapore

Abstract

Considering limited energy density of current lithium metal batteries (LMBs) due to low capacity of traditional intercalation-type cathodes, alternative high-energy cathodes are eagerly demanded. In this regard, conversion-type metal fluoride/sulfide/oxide cathodes have emerged great attention owing to their high theoretical specific capacities, supplying outstanding energy density for advanced LMBs. However, their low ionic/electrical conductivities, huge volume changes, sluggish reaction kinetics, and severe side reactions result in quick capacity fading and poor rate capability of LMBs. Recent research efforts on the conversion-type cathodes have brought new insights, as well as effective approaches toward realizing their excellent electrochemical performances. Here, the recent discoveries, challenges, and optimizing strategies including morphology regulation, phase structure engineering, surface coating, heterostructure construction, binder functionalization, and electrolyte design, are reviewed in detail. Finally, perspectives on the conversion-type metal fluoride/sulfide/oxide cathodes in LMBs are provided. It is believed that the conversion-type cathodes hold a promising future for the next-generation LMBs with high energy density.

Keywords: electrochemical performances, lithium metal batteries, conversion-type cathodes, optimizing strategies

References(180)

[1]

Chen, Y. M.; Wang, Z. Q.; Li, X. Y.; Yao, X. H.; Wang, C.; Li, Y. T.; Xue, W. J.; Yu, D. W.; Kim, S. Y.; Yang, F. et al. Li metal deposition and stripping in a solid-state battery via Coble creep. Nature 2020, 578, 251–255.
DOI Google Scholar
[2]

Thackeray, M. M.; Amine, K. Layered Li-Ni-Mn-Co oxide cathodes. Nat. Energy 2021, 6, 933.
DOI Google Scholar
[3]

Yang, X. G.; Liu, T.; Wang, C. Y. Thermally modulated lithium iron phosphate batteries for mass-market electric vehicles. Nat. Energy 2021, 6, 176–185.
DOI Google Scholar
[4]
Nie, L.; Chen, S. J.; Liu, W. Challenges and strategies of lithium-rich layered oxides for Li-ion batteries. Nano Res., in press, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-022-4707-6.
DOI
[5]

Manthiram, A.; Goodenough, J. B. Layered lithium cobalt oxide cathodes. Nat. Energy 2021, 6, 323.
DOI Google Scholar
[6]
Tang, C.; Chen, Y. W.; Zhang, Z. F.; Li, W. Q.; Jian, J. H.; Jie, Y. L.; Huang, F. Y.; Han, Y. H.; Li, W. X.; Ai, F. P. et al. Stable cycling of practical high-voltage LiCoO2 pouch cell via electrolyte modification. Nano Res., in press, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-022-4955-5.
DOI
[7]

Masias, A.; Marcicki, J.; Paxton, W. A. Opportunities and challenges of lithium ion batteries in automotive applications. ACS Energy Lett. 2021, 6, 621–630.
DOI Google Scholar
[8]

Kong, W. J.; Zhang, J. C.; Wong, D.; Yang, W. Y.; Yang, J. B.; Schulz, C.; Liu, X. F. Tailoring Co 3d and O 2p band centers to inhibit oxygen escape for stable 4.6 V LiCoO2 cathodes. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2021, 60, 27102–27112.
DOI Google Scholar
[9]

Li, Y. Q.; Lu, Y. X.; Adelhelm, P.; Titirici, M. M.; Hu, Y. S. Intercalation chemistry of graphite: Alkali metal ions and beyond. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2019, 48, 4655–4687.
DOI Google Scholar
[10]

Cheng, X. B.; Zhang, R.; Zhao, C. Z.; Zhang, Q. Toward safe lithium metal anode in rechargeable batteries: A review. Chem. Rev. 2017, 117, 10403–10473.
DOI Google Scholar
[11]

Wang, L. P.; Wang, T. S.; Yin, Y. X.; Shi, J. L.; Wang, C. R.; Guo, Y. G. Exploiting lithium-depleted cathode materials for solid-state Li metal batteries. Adv. Energy Mater. 2019, 9, 1901335.
DOI Google Scholar
[12]

Jin, C. B.; Liu, T. F.; Sheng, O. W.; Li, M.; Liu, T. C.; Yuan, Y. F.; Nai, J. W.; Ju, Z. J.; Zhang, W. K.; Liu, Y. J. et al. Rejuvenating dead lithium supply in lithium metal anodes by iodine redox. Nat. Energy 2021, 6, 378–387.
DOI Google Scholar
[13]

Wang, L. P.; Zhang, L.; Wang, Q. J.; Li, W. J.; Wu, B.; Jia, W. S.; Wang, Y. H.; Li, J. Z.; Li, H. Long lifespan lithium metal anodes enabled by Al2O3 sputter coating. Energy Storage Mater. 2018, 10, 16–23.
DOI Google Scholar
[14]

Xu, Y.; Li, T.; Wang, L. P.; Kang, Y. J. Interlayered dendrite-free lithium plating for high-performance lithium-metal batteries. Adv. Mater. 2019, 31, 1901662.
DOI Google Scholar
[15]

Cao, W. Z.; Lu, J. Z.; Zhou, K.; Sun, G. C.; Zheng, J. Y.; Geng, Z.; Li, H. Organic–inorganic composite SEI for a stable Li metal anode by in-situ polymerization. Nano Energy 2022, 95, 106983.
DOI Google Scholar
[16]

Jiao, J. Y.; Lai, G. M.; Zhao, L.; Lu, J. Z.; Li, Q. D.; Xu, X. Q.; Jiang, Y.; He, Y. B.; Ouyang, C. Y.; Pan, F. et al. Self-healing mechanism of lithium in lithium metal. Adv. Sci. 2022, 9, 2105574.
DOI Google Scholar
[17]

Cao, W. Z.; Li, Q.; Yu, X. Q.; Li, H. Controlling Li deposition below the interface. eScience 2022, 2, 47–78.
DOI Google Scholar
[18]

Deng, W.; Yin, X.; Bao, W.; Zhou, X. F.; Hu, Z. Y.; He, B. Y.; Qiu, B.; Meng, Y. S.; Liu, Z. P. Quantification of reversible and irreversible lithium in practical lithium-metal batteries. Nat. Energy 2022, 7, 1031–1041.
DOI Google Scholar
[19]

Louli, A. J.; Metzger, M. Synergies for longer cycle life. Nat. Energy 2021, 6, 574–575.
DOI Google Scholar
[20]

Vishnugopi, B. S.; Mukherjee, P. P. “Dead” lithium or back from the “dead”? Joule 2022, 6, 291–293.
DOI Google Scholar
[21]

Xie, H. Y.; Hao, Z. M.; Xie, S.; Ye, Y. D.; Zhang, W.; Sun, Z. W.; Jin, S.; Ji, H. X.; Chen, J. Molecular sieve based Janus separators for Li-ions redistribution to enable stable lithium deposition. Nano Res. 2022, 15, 5143–5152.
DOI Google Scholar
[22]

Ding, D.; Zhang, B.; Wang, L.; Dou, J. M.; Zhai, Y. J.; Xu, L. Q. Flexible Mg3N2 layer regulates lithium plating-striping for stable and high capacity lithium metal anodes. Nano Res. 2022, 15, 8128–8135.
DOI Google Scholar
[23]

Wang, H. P.; Liu, J. D.; He, J.; Qi, S. H.; Wu, M. G.; Li, F.; Huang, J. D.; Huang, Y.; Ma, J. M. Pseudo-concentrated electrolytes for lithium metal batteries. eScience 2022, 2, 557–565.
DOI Google Scholar
[24]

Piao, N.; Liu, S. F.; Zhang, B.; Ji, X.; Fan, X. L.; Wang, L.; Wang, P. F.; Jin, T.; Liou, S. C.; Yang, H. C. et al. Lithium metal batteries enabled by synergetic additives in commercial carbonate electrolytes. ACS Energy Lett. 2021, 6, 1839–1848.
DOI Google Scholar
[25]

Wu, D. X.; He, J.; Liu, J. D.; Wu, M. G.; Qi, S. H.; Wang, H. P.; Huang, J. D.; Li, F.; Tang, D. L.; Ma, J. M. Li2CO3/LiF-rich heterostructured solid electrolyte interphase with superior lithiophilic and Li+-transferred characteristics via adjusting electrolyte additives. Adv. Energy Mater. 2022, 12, 2200337.
DOI Google Scholar
[26]

Gao, X. L.; Liu, X. H.; Xie, W. L.; Zhang, L. S.; Yang, S. C. Multiscale observation of Li plating for lithium-ion batteries. Rare Met. 2021, 40, 3038–3048.
DOI Google Scholar
[27]

Lu, P. S.; Wu, D. X.; Chen, L. Q.; Li, H.; Wu, F. Air stability of solid-state sulfide batteries and electrolytes. Electrochem. Energy Rev. 2022, 5, 3.
DOI Google Scholar
[28]

Zhang, Z. Z.; Shao, Y. J.; Lotsch, B.; Hu, Y. S.; Li, H.; Janek, J.; Nazar, L. F.; Nan, C. W.; Maier, J.; Armand, M. et al. New horizons for inorganic solid state ion conductors. Energy Environ. Sci. 2018, 11, 1945–1976.
DOI Google Scholar
[29]

Wang, L. P.; Zhang, X. D.; Wang, T. S.; Yin, Y. X.; Shi, J. L.; Wang, C. R.; Guo, Y. G. Ameliorating the interfacial problems of cathode and solid-state electrolytes by interface modification of functional polymers. Adv. Energy Mater. 2018, 8, 1801528.
DOI Google Scholar
[30]

Wang, J. Y.; Chen, R. S.; Yang, L. F.; Zan, M. W.; Chen, P. H.; Li, Y.; Li, W. J.; Yu, H. G.; Yu, X. Q.; Huang, X. J. et al. Raising the intrinsic safety of layered oxide cathodes by surface re-lithiation with LLZTO garnet-type solid electrolytes. Adv. Mater. 2022, 34, 2200655.
DOI Google Scholar
[31]

Raj, V.; Venturi, V.; Kankanallu, V. R.; Kuiri, B.; Viswanathan, V.; Aetukuri, N. P. B. Direct correlation between void formation and lithium dendrite growth in solid-state electrolytes with interlayers. Nat. Mater. 2022, 21, 1050–1056.
DOI Google Scholar
[32]

Zhang, K. G.; Niu, C. Q.; Yu, C. B.; Zhang, L.; Xu, Y. X. Highly crystalline vinylene-linked covalent organic frameworks enhanced solid polycarbonate electrolyte for dendrite-free solid lithium metal batteries. Nano Res. 2022, 15, 8083–8090.
DOI Google Scholar
[33]

Li, T. Z.; Pan, X. L.; Yang, Z. Z.; Liu, F.; Yu, K. S.; Xu, L.; Mai, L. Q. Fabricating ion-conducting channel in SU-8 matrix for high-performance patternable polymer electrolytes. Nano Res. 2023, 16, 496–502.
DOI Google Scholar
[34]

Zhang, J. B.; Zhu, G. X.; Li, H.; Ju, J. W.; Gu, J. W.; Xu, R. Z.; Jin, S. M.; Zhou, J. Q.; Chen, B. B. Novel Zr-doped β-Li3PS4 solid electrolyte for all-solid-state lithium batteries with a combined experimental and computational approach. Nano Res. 2023, 16, 3516–3523.
DOI Google Scholar
[35]

Bi, L. N.; Wei, X. B.; Qiu, Y. H.; Song, Y. C.; Long, X.; Chen, Z.; Wang, S. Z.; Liao, J. X. A highly ionic transference number eutectogel hybrid electrolytes based on spontaneous coupling inhibitor for solid-state lithium metal batteries. Nano Res. 2023, 16, 1717–1725.
DOI Google Scholar
[36]

Yang, G. H.; Liang, X. H.; Zheng, S. S.; Chen, H. B.; Zhang, W. T.; Li, S. N.; Pan, F. Li-rich channels as the material gene for facile lithium diffusion in halide solid electrolytes. eScience 2022, 2, 79–86.
DOI Google Scholar
[37]

Wan, J.; Yan, H. J.; Wen, R.; Wan, L. J. In situ visualization of electrochemical processes in solid-state lithium batteries. ACS Energy Lett. 2022, 7, 2988–3002.
DOI Google Scholar
[38]

Zhao, C.; Liu, Z. Q.; Weng, W.; Wu, M.; Yan, X. Y.; Yang, J.; Lu, H. M.; Yao, X. Y. Stabilized cathode/sulfide solid electrolyte interface via Li2ZrO3 coating for all-solid-state batteries. Rare Met. 2022, 41, 3639–3645.
DOI Google Scholar
[39]

Kou, Z. Y.; Lu, Y.; Miao, C.; Li, J. Q.; Liu, C. J.; Xiao, W. High-performance sandwiched hybrid solid electrolytes by coating polymer layers for all-solid-state lithium-ion batteries. Rare Met. 2021, 40, 3175–3184.
DOI Google Scholar
[40]

Liu, X. M.; Garcia-Mendez, R.; Lupini, A. R.; Cheng, Y. Q.; Hood, Z. D.; Han, F. D.; Sharafi, A.; Idrobo, J. C.; Dudney, N. J.; Wang, C. S. et al. Local electronic structure variation resulting in Li “filament” formation within solid electrolytes. Nat. Mater. 2021, 20, 1485–1490.
DOI Google Scholar
[41]

Andre, D.; Kim, S. J.; Lamp, P.; Lux, S. F.; Maglia, F.; Paschos, O.; Stiaszny, B. Future generations of cathode materials: An automotive industry perspective. J. Mater. Chem. A 2015, 3, 6709–6732.
DOI Google Scholar
[42]

Wang, L. P.; Wu, Z. R.; Zou, J.; Gao, P.; Niu, X. B.; Li, H.; Chen, L. Q. Li-free cathode materials for high energy density lithium batteries. Joule 2019, 3, 2086–2102.
DOI Google Scholar
[43]

Wu, W.; Wang, M.; Wang, J.; Wei, Z. Y.; Zhang, T.; Chi, S. S.; Wang, C. Y.; Deng, Y. H. Transition metal oxides as lithium-free cathodes for solid-state lithium metal batteries. Nano Energy 2020, 74, 104867.
DOI Google Scholar
[44]

Olbrich, L. F.; Xiao, A. W.; Pasta, M. Conversion-type fluoride cathodes: Current state of the art. Curr. Opin. Electrochem. 2021, 30, 100779.
DOI Google Scholar
[45]

Bensalah, N.; Dawood, H. Review on synthesis, characterizations, and electrochemical properties of cathode materials for lithium ion batteries. J. Mater. Sci. Eng. 2016, 5, 1000258.
DOI Google Scholar
[46]

Li, L. S.; Jacobs, R.; Gao, P.; Gan, L. Y.; Wang, F.; Morgan, D.; Jin, S. Origins of large voltage hysteresis in high-energy-density metal fluoride lithium-ion battery conversion electrodes. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2016, 138, 2838–2848.
DOI Google Scholar
[47]

Hua, X.; Eggeman, A. S.; Castillo-Martínez, E.; Robert, R.; Geddes, H. S.; Lu, Z. H.; Pickard, C. J.; Meng, W.; Wiaderek, K. M.; Pereira, N. et al. Revisiting metal fluorides as lithium-ion battery cathodes. Nat. Mater. 2021, 20, 841–850.
DOI Google Scholar
[48]

Xiao, A. W.; Lee, H. J.; Capone, I.; Robertson, A.; Wi, T. U.; Fawdon, J.; Wheeler, S.; Lee, H. W.; Grobert, N.; Pasta, M. Understanding the conversion mechanism and performance of monodisperse FeF2 nanocrystal cathodes. Nat. Mater. 2020, 19, 644–654.
DOI Google Scholar
[49]

Karki, K.; Wu, L. J.; Ma, Y.; Armstrong, M. J.; Holmes, J. D.; Garofalini, S. H.; Zhu, Y. M.; Stach, E. A.; Wang, F. Revisiting conversion reaction mechanisms in lithium batteries: Lithiation-driven topotactic transformation in FeF2. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2018, 140, 17915–17922.
DOI Google Scholar
[50]

Zou, J.; Yuan, K. G.; Zhao, J.; Wang, B. J.; Chen, S. Y.; Huang, J. Y.; Li, H.; Niu, X. B.; Wang, L. P. Delithiation-driven topotactic reaction endows superior cycling performances for high-energy-density FeSx (1 ≤ x ≤ 1.14) cathodes. Energy Storage Mater. 2021, 43, 579–584.
DOI Google Scholar
[51]

Chen, K. Y.; Lei, M.; Yao, Z. G.; Zheng, Y. J.; Hu, J. L.; Lai, C. Z.; Li, C. L. Construction of solid–liquid fluorine transport channel to enable highly reversible conversion cathodes. Sci. Adv. 2021, 7, eabj1491.
DOI Google Scholar
[52]

Hu, J. L.; Chen, K. Y.; Yao, Z. G.; Li, C. L. Unlocking solid-state conversion batteries reinforced by hierarchical microsphere stacked polymer electrolyte. Sci. Bull. 2021, 66, 694–707.
DOI Google Scholar
[53]

Huang, Q.; Turcheniuk, K.; Ren, X. L.; Magasinski, A.; Song, A. Y.; Xiao, Y. R.; Kim, D.; Yushin, G. Cycle stability of conversion-type iron fluoride lithium battery cathode at elevated temperatures in polymer electrolyte composites. Nat. Mater. 2019, 18, 1343–1349.
DOI Google Scholar
[54]

Seo, J. K.; Cho, H. M.; Takahara, K.; Chapman, K. W.; Borkiewicz, O. J.; Sina, M.; Meng, Y. S. Revisiting the conversion reaction voltage and the reversibility of the CuF2 electrode in Li-ion batteries. Nano Res. 2017, 10, 4232–4244.
DOI Google Scholar
[55]

Zheng, S. Y.; Hong, C. Y.; Guan, X. Y.; Xiang, Y. X.; Liu, X. S.; Xu, G. L.; Liu, R.; Zhong, G. M.; Zheng, F.; Li, Y. X. et al. Correlation between long range and local structural changes in Ni-rich layered materials during charge and discharge process. J. Power Sources 2019, 412, 336–343.
DOI Google Scholar
[56]

Huang, Q.; Turcheniuk, K.; Ren, X. L.; Magasinski, A.; Gordon, D.; Bensalah, N.; Yushin, G. Insights into the effects of electrolyte composition on the performance and stability of FeF2 conversion-type cathodes. Adv. Energy Mater. 2019, 9, 1803323.
DOI Google Scholar
[57]

Cui, Y. Y.; Sukkurji, P. A.; Wang, K.; Azmi, R.; Nunn, A. M.; Hahn, H.; Breitung, B.; Ting, Y. Y.; Kowalski, P. M.; Kaghazchi, P. et al. High entropy fluorides as conversion cathodes with tailorable electrochemical performance. J. Energy Chem. 2022, 72, 342–351.
DOI Google Scholar
[58]

Kim, S.; Liu, J. Y.; Sun, K.; Wang, J. J.; Dillon, S. J.; Braun, P. V. Improved performance in FeF2 conversion cathodes through use of a conductive 3D scaffold and Al2O3 ALD coating. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2017, 27, 1702783.
DOI Google Scholar
[59]

Wu, F. X.; Srot, V.; Chen, S. Q.; Lorger, S.; van Aken, P. A.; Maier, J.; Yu, Y. 3D honeycomb architecture enables a high-rate and long-life iron(III) fluoride-lithium battery. Adv. Mater. 2019, 31, 1905146.
DOI Google Scholar
[60]

Fu, W. B.; Zhao, E. B.; Sun, Z. F.; Ren, X. L.; Magasinski, A.; Yushin, G. Iron fluoride-carbon nanocomposite nanofibers as free-standing cathodes for high-energy lithium batteries. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2018, 28, 1801711.
DOI Google Scholar
[61]

Fan, X. L.; Hu, E. Y.; Ji, X.; Zhu, Y. Z.; Han, F. D.; Hwang, S.; Liu, J.; Bak, S.; Ma, Z. H.; Gao, T. et al. High energy-density and reversibility of iron fluoride cathode enabled via an intercalation-extrusion reaction. Nat. Commun. 2018, 9, 2324.
DOI Google Scholar
[62]

Ju, L. C.; Wang, G. Z.; Liang, K.; Wang, M. Y.; Sterbinsky, G. E.; Feng, Z. X.; Yang, Y. Significantly improved cyclability of conversion-type transition metal oxyfluoride cathodes by homologous passivation layer reconstruction. Adv. Energy Mater. 2020, 10, 1903333.
DOI Google Scholar
[63]

Wang, X. R.; Gu, W. T.; Lee, J. T.; Nitta, N.; Benson, J.; Magasinski, A.; Schauer, M. W.; Yushin, G. Carbon nanotube-CoF2 multifunctional cathode for lithium ion batteries: Effect of electrolyte on cycle stability. Small 2015, 11, 5164–5173.
DOI Google Scholar
[64]

Wu, F. X.; Srot, V.; Chen, S. Q.; Zhang, M. Y.; van Aken, P. A.; Wang, Y.; Maier, J.; Yu, Y. Metal-organic framework-derived nanoconfinements of CoF2 and mixed-conducting wiring for high-performance metal fluoride-lithium battery. ACS Nano 2021, 15, 1509–1518.
DOI Google Scholar
[65]

Krahl, T.; Winkelmann, F. M.; Martin, A.; Pinna, N.; Kemnitz, E. Novel synthesis of anhydrous and hydroxylated CuF2 nanoparticles and their potential for lithium ion batteries. Chem.—Eng. J. 2018, 24, 7177–7187.
DOI Google Scholar
[66]

Wang, J.; Fang, J. J.; Zhao, H. L.; Zhang, Z. J.; Li, Z. L. Raspberry-like hierarchical structure FeS2 decorated by dual-carbon framework as high-performance cathode for rechargeable lithium batteries. Carbon 2021, 171, 171–178.
DOI Google Scholar
[67]

Xia, J. L.; Wang, Z. Y.; Rodrig, N. D.; Nan, B.; Zhang, J. X.; Zhang, W. R.; Lucht, B. L.; Yang, C. Y.; Wang, C. S. Super-reversible CuF2 cathodes enabled by Cu2+-coordinated alginate. Adv. Mater. 2022, 34, 2205229.
DOI Google Scholar
[68]

Su, Y.; Chen, J. Z.; Li, H.; Sun, H. M.; Yang, T. T.; Liu, Q. N.; Ichikawa, S.; Zhang, X. D.; Zhu, D. D.; Zhao, J. et al. Enabling long cycle life and high rate iron difluoride based lithium batteries by in situ cathode surface modification. Adv. Sci. 2022, 9, 2201419.
DOI Google Scholar
[69]

Chen, Y. W.; Li, J. M.; Lei, Z. W.; Huo, Y. K.; Yang, L. L.; Zeng, S. Y.; Ding, H. H.; Qin, Y.; Jie, Y. L.; Huang, F. Y. et al. Hollow CuS nanoboxes as Li-free cathode for high-rate and long-life lithium metal batteries. Adv. Energy Mater. 2020, 10, 1903401.
DOI Google Scholar
[70]

Zhao, Y.; Wei, K. Y.; Wu, H. L.; Ma, S. P.; Li, J.; Cui, Y. X.; Dong, Z. H.; Cui, Y. H.; Li, C. L. LiF splitting catalyzed by dual metal nanodomains for an efficient fluoride conversion cathode. ACS Nano 2019, 13, 2490–2500.
DOI Google Scholar
[71]

Hwang, S.; Ji, X.; Bak, S. M.; Sun, K.; Bai, J. M.; Fan, X. L.; Gan, H.; Wang, C. S.; Su, D. Revealing reaction pathways of collective substituted iron fluoride electrode for lithium ion batteries. ACS Nano 2020, 14, 10276–10283.
DOI Google Scholar
[72]

Gordon, D.; Huang, Q.; Magasinski, A.; Ramanujapuram, A.; Bensalah, N.; Yushin, G. Mixed metal difluorides as high capacity conversion-type cathodes: Impact of composition on stability and performance. Adv. Energy Mater. 2018, 8, 1800213.
DOI Google Scholar
[73]

Jiang, Q.; Xiong, P. X.; Liu, J. J.; Xie, Z.; Wang, Q. C.; Yang, X. Q.; Hu, E. Y.; Cao, Y.; Sun, J.; Xu, Y. H. et al. A redox-active 2D metal-organic framework for efficient lithium storage with extraordinary high capacity. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2020, 59, 5273–5277.
DOI Google Scholar
[74]

Santhosha, A. L.; Nazer, N.; Koerver, R.; Randau, S.; Richter, F. H.; Weber, D. A.; Kulisch, J.; Adermann, T.; Janek, J.; Adelhelm, P. Macroscopic displacement reaction of copper sulfide in lithium solid-state batteries. Adv. Energy Mater. 2020, 10, 2002394.
DOI Google Scholar
[75]

Wygant, B. R.; Merrill, L. C.; Harrison, K. L.; Talin, A. A.; Ashby, D. S.; Lambert, T. N. The role of electrolyte composition in enabling Li metal-iron fluoride full-cell batteries. Adv. Sci. 2022, 9, 2105803.
DOI Google Scholar
[76]

Wang, H. M.; Chen, S. S.; Fu, C. L.; Ding, Y.; Liu, G. R.; Cao, Y. L.; Chen, Z. X. Recent advances in conversion-type electrode materials for post lithium-ion batteries. ACS Mater. Lett. 2021, 3, 956–977.
DOI Google Scholar
[77]

Wu, F. X.; Yushin, G. Conversion cathodes for rechargeable lithium and lithium-ion batteries. Energy Environ. Sci. 2017, 10, 435–459.
DOI Google Scholar
[78]

Yu, S. H.; Feng, X. R.; Zhang, N.; Seok, J.; Abruña, H. D. Understanding conversion-type electrodes for lithium rechargeable batteries. Acc. Chem. Res. 2018, 51, 273–281.
DOI Google Scholar
[79]

Wu, L.; Zheng, J.; Wang, L.; Xiong, X. H.; Shao, Y. Y.; Wang, G.; Wang, J. H.; Zhong, S. K.; Wu, M. H. PPy-encapsulated SnS2 nanosheets stabilized by defects on a TiO2 support as a durable anode material for lithium-ion batteries. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2019, 58, 811–815.
DOI Google Scholar
[80]

Li, J. F.; Han, L.; Li, Y. Q.; Li, J. L.; Zhu, G.; Zhang, X. J.; Lu, T.; Pan, L. K. MXene-decorated SnS2/Sn3S4 hybrid as anode material for high-rate lithium-ion batteries. Chem. Eng. J. 2020, 380, 122590.
DOI Google Scholar
[81]

Yang, K.; Hu, Y. Y.; Li, L. Y.; Cui, L. L.; He, L.; Wang, S. J.; Zhao, J. W.; Song, Y. F. First high-nuclearity mixed-valence polyoxometalate with hierarchical interconnected Zn2+ migration channels as an advanced cathode material in aqueous zinc-ion battery. Nano Energy 2020, 74, 104851.
DOI Google Scholar
[82]

Li, J. B.; Ding, Z. B.; Li, J. L.; Wang, C. Y.; Pan, L. K.; Wang, G. X. Synergistic coupling of NiS1.03 nanoparticle with S-doped reduced graphene oxide for enhanced lithium and sodium storage. Chem. Eng. J. 2021, 407, 127199.
DOI Google Scholar
[83]

Liu, T. T.; Zhang, X. K.; Xia, M. T.; Yu, H. X.; Peng, N.; Jiang, C.; Shui, M.; Xie, Y.; Yi, T. F.; Shu, J. Functional cation defects engineering in TiS2 for high-stability anode. Nano Energy 2020, 67, 104295.
DOI Google Scholar
[84]

Yi, T. F.; Li, Y. M.; Li, X. Y.; Pan, J. J.; Zhang, Q.; Zhu, Y. R. Enhanced electrochemical property of FePO4-coated LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 as cathode materials for Li-ion battery. Sci. Bull. 2017, 62, 1004–1010.
DOI Google Scholar
[85]

Li, J. F.; Han, L.; Zhang, X. L.; Sun, H. C.; Liu, X. J.; Lu, T.; Yao, Y. F.; Pan, L. K. Multi-role TiO2 layer coated carbon@few-layered MoS2 nanotubes for durable lithium storage. Chem. Eng. J. 2021, 406, 126873.
DOI Google Scholar
[86]

Xiong, D. B.; Shi, Y. M.; Yang, H. Y. Rational design of MXene-based films for energy storage: Progress, prospects. Mater. Today 2021, 46, 183–211.
DOI Google Scholar
[87]

Zhang, X. J.; Ouyang, W.; Zhu, G.; Lu, T.; Pan, L. K. Shuttle-like carbon-coated FeP derived from metal-organic frameworks for lithium-ion batteries with superior rate capability and long-life cycling performance. Carbon 2019, 143, 116–124.
DOI Google Scholar
[88]

Li, J. F.; Han, L.; Zhang, X. J.; Zhu, G.; Chen, T. Q.; Lu, T.; Pan, L. K. Sb2O5/Co-containing carbon polyhedra as anode material for high-performance lithium-ion batteries. Chem. Eng. J. 2019, 370, 800–809.
DOI Google Scholar
[89]

Li, L.; Zhao, R.; Pan, D.; Yi, S. H.; Gao, L. F.; He, G. J.; Zhao, H. L.; Yu, C. Y.; Bai, Y. Constructing tri-functional modification for spinel LiNi0.5Mn1. 5O4 via fast ion conductor. J. Power Sources 2020, 450, 227677.
DOI Google Scholar
[90]

Li, S. Q.; Wang, K.; Zhang, G. F.; Li, S. N.; Xu, Y. N.; Zhang, X. D.; Zhang, X.; Zheng, S. H.; Sun, X. Z.; Ma, Y. W. Fast charging anode materials for lithium-ion batteries: Current status and perspectives. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2022, 32, 2200796.
DOI Google Scholar
[91]

Li, C. L.; Yin, C. L.; Gu, L.; Dinnebier, R. E.; Mu, X. K.; van Aken, P. A.; Maier, J. An FeF3·0.5H2O polytype:A microporous framework compound with intersecting tunnels for Li and Na batteries. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2013, 135, 11425–11428.
DOI Google Scholar
[92]

Martin, A.; Santiago, E. S.; Kemnitz, E.; Pinna, N. Reversible insertion in AFeF3 (A = K+, NH4+) cubic iron fluoride perovskites. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2019, 11, 33132–33139.
DOI Google Scholar
[93]

Martin, A.; Doublet, M. L.; Kemnitz, E.; Pinna, N. Reversible sodium and lithium insertion in iron fluoride perovskites. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2018, 28, 1802057.
DOI Google Scholar
[94]

Li, X.; Zhao, R. X.; Fu, Y. Z.; Manthiram, A. Nitrate additives for lithium batteries: Mechanisms, applications, and prospects. eScience 2021, 1, 108–123.
DOI Google Scholar
[95]

Xue, W. R.; Qin, T.; Li, Q.; Zan, M. W.; Yu, X. Q.; Li, H. Exploiting the synergistic effects of multiple components with a uniform design method for developing low-temperature electrolytes. Energy Storage Mater. 2022, 50, 598–605.
DOI Google Scholar
[96]

Ni, L.; Xu, G. J.; Li, C. C.; Cui, G. L. Electrolyte formulation strategies for potassium-based batteries. Exploration 2022, 2, 20210239.
DOI Google Scholar
[97]

Zhou, X. Y.; Sun, H. X.; Zhou, H. C.; Xu, Z. L.; Yang, J. Enhancing cycling performance of FeF3 cathode by introducing a lightweight high conductive adsorbable interlayer. J. Alloys Compd. 2017, 723, 317–326.
DOI Google Scholar
[98]

Hua, X.; Robert, R.; Du, L. S.; Wiaderek, K. M.; Leskes, M.; Chapman, K. W.; Chupas, P. J.; Grey, C. P. Comprehensive study of the CuF2 conversion reaction mechanism in a lithium ion battery. J. Phys. Chem. C 2014, 118, 15169–15184.
DOI Google Scholar
[99]

Wang, F.; Robert, R.; Chernova, N. A.; Pereira, N.; Omenya, F.; Badway, F.; Hua, X.; Ruotolo, M.; Zhang, R. G.; Wu, L. J. et al. Conversion reaction mechanisms in lithium ion batteries: Study of the binary metal fluoride electrodes. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2011, 133, 18828–18836.
DOI Google Scholar
[100]

Badway, F.; Cosandey, F.; Pereira, N.; Amatucci, G. G. Carbon metal fluoride nanocomposites: High-capacity reversible metal fluoride conversion materials as rechargeable positive electrodes for Li batteries. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2003, 150, A1318–A1327.
DOI Google Scholar
[101]

Badway, F.; Pereira, N.; Cosandey, F.; Amatucci, G. G. Carbon-metal fluoride nanocomposites: Structure and electrochemistry of FeF3: C. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2003, 150, A1209–A1218.
DOI Google Scholar
[102]

Kim, T.; Jae, W. J.; Kim, H.; Park, M.; Han, J. M.; Kim, J. A cathode material for lithium-ion batteries based on graphitized carbon-wrapped FeF3 nanoparticles prepared by facile polymerization. J. Mater. Chem. A 2016, 4, 14857–14864.
DOI Google Scholar
[103]

Yang, Z. H.; Pei, Y.; Wang, X. Y.; Liu, L.; Su, X. P. First principles study on the structural, magnetic and electronic properties of Co-doped FeF3. Comput. Theor. Chem. 2012, 980, 44–48.
DOI Google Scholar
[104]

Ji, E.; Huang, J.; Yu, Z. Y.; Hu, Q. X.; Liu, H. X.; Lai, C. T.; Yuan, Z. Z. Electrochemical characterization of CuF2/CNTs cathode materials prepared by a coprecipitation method. Funct. Mater. Lett. 2022, 15, 2251036.
DOI Google Scholar
[105]

Zheng, Y.; Zhang, P.; Wu, S. Q.; Wen, Y. H.; Zhu, Z. Z.; Yang, Y. First-principles studies on the structural and electronic properties of Li-ion battery cathode material CuF2. Solid State Commun. 2012, 152, 1703–1706.
DOI Google Scholar
[106]

Cheng, Q. X.; Chen, Y. Y.; Lin, X. M.; Liu, J. C.; Yuan, Z. Z.; Cai, Y. P. Hybrid cobalt(II) fluoride derived from a bimetallic zeolitic imidazolate framework as a high-performance cathode for lithium-ion batteries. J. Phys. Chem. C 2020, 124, 8624–8632.
DOI Google Scholar
[107]

Barreda-Argüeso, J. A.; López-Moreno, S.; Sanz-Ortiz, M. N.; Aguado, F.; Valiente, R.; González, J.; Rodríguez, F.; Romero, A. H.; Muñoz, A.; Nataf, L. et al. Pressure-induced phase-transition sequence in CoF2: An experimental and first-principles study on the crystal, vibrational, and electronic properties. Phys. Rev. B 2013, 88, 214108.
DOI Google Scholar
[108]

Jing, P.; Wang, Q.; Wang, B. Y.; Gao, X.; Zhang, Y.; Wu, H. Encapsulating yolk–shell FeS2@carbon microboxes into interconnected graphene framework for ultrafast lithium/sodium storage. Carbon 2020, 159, 366–377.
DOI Google Scholar
[109]

Zou, J.; Zhao, J.; Wang, B. J.; Chen, S. L.; Chen, P. Y.; Ran, Q. W.; Li, L.; Wang, X.; Yao, J. M.; Li, H. et al. Unraveling the reaction mechanism of FeS2 as a Li-ion battery cathode. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2020, 12, 44850–44857.
DOI Google Scholar
[110]

Sugiyama, J.; Mukai, K.; Ikedo, Y.; Nozaki, H.; Månsson, M.; Watanabe, I. Li diffusion in LixCoO2 probed by muon-spin spectroscopy. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2009, 103, 147601.
DOI Google Scholar
[111]

Ning, F. H.; Xu, B.; Shi, J.; Wu, M. S.; Hu, Y. Q.; Ouyang, C. Y. Structural, electronic, and Li migration properties of RE-doped (RE = Ce, La) LiCoO2 for Li-ion batteries: A first-principles investigation. J. Phys. Chem. C 2016, 120, 18428–18434.
DOI Google Scholar
[112]

Yu, D. Y. W.; Fietzek, C.; Weydanz, W.; Donoue, K.; Inoue, T.; Kurokawa, H.; Fujitani, S. Study of LiFePO4 by cyclic voltammetry. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2007, 154, A253.
DOI Google Scholar
[113]

Lee, H.; Kim, S.; Parmar, N. S.; Song, J. H.; Chung, K. Y.; Kim, K. B.; Choi, J. W. Carbon-free Mn-doped LiFePO4 cathode for highly transparent thin-film batteries. J. Power Sources 2019, 434, 226713.
DOI Google Scholar
[114]

Huang, X.; Zhao, J. Q.; Zhu, W. C.; Hou, M. C.; Zhou, T.; Bu, L. M.; Gao, L. J.; Zhang, W. Three-dimensional Li-ion transportation in Li2MnO3-integrated LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2. J. Energy Chem. 2021, 63, 376–384.
DOI Google Scholar
[115]

Xiong, W. T.; Hu, W.; Li, H. L. First-principles calculations of the atomic structure and electronic structure of F-doped Li(Ni0.8Co0.1Mn0.1)O2 cathode material for lithium-ion batteries. J. Electron. Mater. 2022, 51, 3944–3949.
DOI Google Scholar
[116]

Balaya, P.; Li, H.; Kienle, L.; Maier, J. Fully reversible homogeneous and heterogeneous Li storage in RuO2 with high capacity. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2003, 13, 621–625.
DOI Google Scholar
[117]

Yan, D.; Huang, S. Z.; Von Lim, Y.; Fang, D. L.; Shang, Y.; Pam, M. E.; Yu, J. Z.; Xiong, D. B.; Li, X. L.; Zhang, J. et al. Stepwise intercalation-conversion-intercalation sodiation mechanism in CuInS2 prompting sodium storage performance. ACS Energy Lett. 2020, 5, 3725–3732.
DOI Google Scholar
[118]

Yan, D.; Li, K.; Yan, Y. P.; Huang, S. Z.; Von Lim, Y.; Shang, Y.; Fang, D. L.; Ang, L. K.; Yang, H. Y. Cubic spinel XIn2S4 (X = Fe, Co, Mn): A new type of anode material for superfast and ultrastable Na-ion storage. Adv. Energy Mater. 2021, 11, 2102137.
DOI Google Scholar
[119]

Yan, D.; Von Lim, Y.; Wang, G. Z.; Shang, Y.; Li, X. L.; Fang, D. L.; Pam, M. E.; Yang, S. A.; Wang, Y.; Shi, Y. M. et al. Unlocking rapid and robust sodium storage performance of zinc-based sulfide via indium incorporation. ACS Nano 2021, 15, 8507–8516.
DOI Google Scholar
[120]

Thieu, D. T.; Fawey, M. H.; Bhatia, H.; Diemant, T.; Chakravadhanula, V. S. K.; Behm, R. J.; Kübel, C.; Fichtner, M. CuF2 as reversible cathode for fluoride ion batteries. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2017, 27, 1701051.
DOI Google Scholar
[121]

Dai, Z. S.; Zhao, H. L.; Chen, W. X.; Zhang, Q.; Song, X. S.; He, G. J.; Zhao, Y.; Lu, X.; Bai, Y. In situ construction of gradient oxygen release buffer and interface cation self-accelerator stabilizing high-voltage Ni-rich cathode. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2022, 32, 2206428.
DOI Google Scholar
[122]

Dai, Z. S.; Wang, J. H.; Zhao, H. L.; Bai, Y. Surface coupling between mechanical and electric fields empowering Ni-rich cathodes with superior cyclabilities for lithium-ion batteries. Adv. Sci. 2022, 9, 2200622.
DOI Google Scholar
[123]

Gao, L. F.; Chen, S. H.; Zhang, G. W.; Dai, Z. S.; Yan, D.; Yang, H. Y.; Yu, C. Y.; Bai, Y. Improved thermal and structural stabilities of LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 cathode by La2Zr2O7 multifunctional modification. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2021, 119, 093902.
DOI Google Scholar
[124]

Gmitter, A. J.; Badway, F.; Rangan, S.; Bartynski, R. A.; Halajko, A.; Pereira, N.; Amatucci, G. G. Formation, dynamics, and implication of solid electrolyte interphase in high voltage reversible conversion fluoride nanocomposites. J. Mater. Chem. 2010, 20, 4149–4161.
DOI Google Scholar
[125]

Zhang, S. Y.; Ci, L. J.; Mu, W. Hydrothermal synthesis of Ag2Cu(VO3)4/Ag nanowires: A new cathode material for lithium-ion batteries. Scr. Mater. 2022, 210, 114431.
DOI Google Scholar
[126]

Wygant, B. R.; Kolesnichenko, I. V.; Schorr, N. B.; Harrison, K. L.; Lambert, T. N. Multispecies lithiation/delithiation of amorphous FeSx/C cathode material for Li batteries. J. Phys. Chem. C 2022, 126, 9000–9008.
DOI Google Scholar
[127]

Wang, Y. J.; Zhang, M. Y.; Zhang, Y. X.; Wang, Y. F.; Liu, W. X.; Yang, C. J.; Kondratiev, V.; Wu, F. X. Enhancing electrochemical performance of CoF2-Li batteries via honeycombed nanocomposite cathode. Energy Fuels 2022, 36, 8439–8448.
DOI Google Scholar
[128]

Oh, J.; Lim, E.; Chun, J.; Jo, C. Nickel fluoride (NiF2)/porous carbon nanocomposite synthesized via ammonium fluoride (NH4F) treatment for lithium-ion battery cathode applications. J. Power Sources 2022, 521, 230935.
DOI Google Scholar
[129]

Liu, S. X.; Chen, J. Z.; Su, Y.; Zheng, C. Z.; Zhu, D. D.; Zhang, X. D.; Zhou, X.; Ouyang, R.; Huang, Q. W.; He, Y. F. et al. Exploiting the iron difluoride electrochemistry by constructing hierarchical electron pathways and cathode electrolyte interface. Small 2022, 18, 2202006.
DOI Google Scholar
[130]

Lee, Y.; Kang, J.; Ahn, J.; Ko, W.; Park, H.; Lee, S.; Lee, S.; Yoo, J. K.; Kim, J. A high-energy conversion-type cathode activated by amorpholization for Li rechargeable batteries. J. Mater. Chem. A 2022, 10, 20080–20089.
DOI Google Scholar
[131]

Hu, Z. Q.; Zhang, F. L.; Liang, H. Y.; Zhang, H.; Wang, H. Z.; Wang, T. S.; Liu, R. B.; Liu, J.; Li, Y. D.; Dong, X. T. et al. Mechanistic understanding of the charge storage processes in FeF2 aggregates assembled with cylindrical nanoparticles as a cathode material for lithium-ion batteries by in situ magnetometry. Carbon Energy 2022, 4, 1011–1020.
DOI Google Scholar
[132]

He, D. F.; Zhang, Y. L.; Cao, D.; Sun, M. F.; Xia, J. W.; Yang, Y.; Ding, Y. J.; Chen, H. Q. A flexible free-standing FeF3/reduced graphene oxide film as cathode for advanced lithium-ion battery. J. Alloys Compd. 2022, 909, 164702.
DOI Google Scholar
[133]

Eveillard, F.; Leroux, F.; Batisse, N.; Delbègue, D.; Guérin, K. Copper-iron ternary metal fluorides from multi-metallic template fluorination and their first use as cathode in solid state Li-batteries. J. Solid State Chem. 2022, 310, 123031.
DOI Google Scholar
[134]

Dai, Y. M.; Chen, Q. J.; Hu, C. C.; Huang, Y. Y.; Wu, W. Y.; Yu, M. L.; Sun, D.; Luo, W. Copper fluoride as a low-cost sodium-ion battery cathode with high capacity. Chin. Chem. Lett. 2022, 33, 1435–1438.
DOI Google Scholar
[135]

Cardenas, J. A.; Bullivant, J. P.; Kolesnichenko, I. V.; Roach, D. J.; Gallegos, M. A.; Coker, E. N.; Lambert, T. N.; Allcorn, E.; Talin, A. A.; Cook, A. W. et al. 3D printing of ridged FeS2 cathodes for improved rate capability and custom-form lithium batteries. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2022, 14, 45342–45351.
DOI Google Scholar
[136]

Butova, V. V.; Aboraia, A. M.; Shapovalov, V. V.; Dzhangiryan, N. A.; Papkovskaya, E. D.; Ilin, O. I.; Kubrin, S. P.; Guda, A. A.; Soldatov, A. V. Iron(II) fluoride cathode material derived from MIL-88A. J. Alloys Compd. 2022, 916, 165438.
DOI Google Scholar
[137]

Zhang, Y.; Huang, L. W.; Zhou, X. R.; Luo, Y. T.; Chen, Q. H.; Chen, Y. G. The performance and mechanism of copper-cobalt sulfide cathode for hybrid Mg2+/Li+ batteries. J. Alloys Compd. 2021, 881, 160536.
DOI Google Scholar
[138]

Yang, Y.; Gao, L.; Shen, L. M.; Bao, N. Z. Self-assembled FeF3 nanocrystals clusters confined in carbon nanocages for high-performance Li-ion battery cathode. J. Alloys Compd. 2021, 873, 159799.
DOI Google Scholar
[139]

Schorr, B. N. B.; Kolesnichenko, I. V.; Merrill, L. C.; Wygant, B. R.; Harrison, K. L.; Lambert, T. N. Stable cycling of lithium batteries utilizing iron disulfide nanoparticles. ACS Appl. Nano Mater. 2021, 4, 11636–11643.
DOI Google Scholar
[140]

Li, S. Y.; Lee, J. H.; Hwang, S. M.; Yoo, J. B.; Kim, H.; Kim, Y. J. Natural activation of CuO to CuCl2 as a cathode material for dual-ion lithium metal batteries. Energy Storage Mater. 2021, 41, 466–474.
DOI Google Scholar
[141]

Li, L.; Luo, C.; Zou, J.; Ran, Q. W.; Chen, P. Y.; Wang, X.; Zhao, Y. L.; Wang, L. P.; Zheng, J. Y.; Niu, X. B. Prelithiated FeS2 cathode with alleviated volume expansion toward improved cycling performance. Solid State Ionics 2021, 368, 115696.
DOI Google Scholar
[142]

Wang, J. J.; Du, C. F.; Xue, Y. Q.; Tan, X. Y.; Kang, J. Z.; Gao, Y.; Yu, H.; Yan, Q. Y. MXenes as a versatile platform for reactive surface modification and superior sodium-ion storages. Exploration 2021, 1, 20210024.
DOI Google Scholar
[143]

Dong, H. H.; Gao, H. G.; Geng, J. R.; Hou, X. S.; Gao, S. N.; Wang, S. W.; Chou, S. L. Quinone-based conducting three-dimensional metal-organic framework as a cathode material for lithium-ion batteries. J. Phys. Chem. C 2021, 125, 20814–20820.
DOI Google Scholar
[144]

Xi, Y. L.; Ye, X. M.; Duan, S. R.; Li, T.; Zhang, J.; Jia, L. J.; Yang, J.; Wang, J.; Liu, H. T.; Xiao, Q. B. Iron vacancies and surface modulation of iron disulfide nanoflowers as a high power/energy density cathode for ultralong-life stable Li storage. J. Mater. Chem. A 2020, 8, 14769–14777.
DOI Google Scholar
[145]

Wang, Y. H.; Li, X. T.; Wang, W. P.; Yan, H. J.; Xin, S.; Guo, Y. G. Chalcogen cathode and its conversion electrochemistry in rechargeable Li/Na batteries. Sci. China Chem. 2020, 63, 1402–1415.
DOI Google Scholar
[146]

Maulana, A. Y.; Futalan, C. M.; Kim, J. MOF-derived FeF2 nanoparticles@graphitic carbon undergoing in situ phase transformation to FeF3 as a superior sodium-ion cathode material. J. Alloys Compd. 2020, 840, 155719.
DOI Google Scholar
[147]

Li, J.; Xu, L.; Wei, K. Y.; Ma, S. P.; Liu, X. J.; Zhao, Y.; Cui, Y. H. In situ forming of ternary metal fluoride thin films with excellent Li storage performance by pulsed laser deposition. Ionics 2020, 26, 3367–3375.
DOI Google Scholar
[148]

Chang, Q.; Luo, Z. S. J.; Fu, L. C.; Zhu, J. J.; Yang, W. L.; Li, D. Y.; Zhou, L. P. A new cathode material of NiF2 for thermal batteries with high specific power. Electrochim. Acta 2020, 361, 137051.
DOI Google Scholar
[149]

Zhou, H. C.; Sun, H. X.; Wang, T.; Gao, Y. N.; Ding, J.; Xu, Z. L.; Tang, J. J.; Jia, M.; Yang, J.; Zhu, J. Low temperature nanotailoring of hydrated compound by alcohols: FeF33H2O as an example. preparation of nanosized FeF3. 0.33H2O cathode material for Li-ion batteries. Inorg. Chem. 2019, 58, 6765–6771.
DOI Google Scholar
[150]

Zhai, J. R.; Lei, Z. Y.; Sun, K. N. 3D starfish-like FeOF on graphene sheets: Engineered synthesis and lithium storage performance. Chem.—Eur. J. 2019, 25, 7733–7739.
DOI Google Scholar
[151]

Yang, Z. G.; Chen, T.; Wu, C. J.; Qu, J.; Wu, Z. G.; Guo, X. D.; Zhong, B. H.; Liu, H. K.; Dou, S. X. Interpreting abnormal charge–discharge plateau migration in CuxS during long-term cycling. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2019, 11, 3961–3970.
DOI Google Scholar
[152]

Xie, J.; Carrasco, J.; Li, R. R.; Shen, H. J.; Chen, Q.; Yang, M. H. Novel 3D flower-like micro/nano-structure FeS/N-doped-C composites as advanced cathodes with high lithium storage performances. J. Power Sources 2019, 431, 226–231.
DOI Google Scholar
[153]

Villa, C.; Kim, S.; Lu, Y. X.; Dravid, V. P.; Wu, J. S. Cu-substituted NiF2 as a cathode material for Li-ion batteries. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2019, 11, 647–654.
DOI Google Scholar
[154]

Tawa, S.; Sato, Y.; Orikasa, Y.; Matsumoto, K.; Hagiwara, R. Lithium fluoride/iron difluoride composite prepared by a fluorolytic sol-gel method: Its electrochemical behavior and charge–discharge mechanism as a cathode material for lithium secondary batteries. J. Power Sources 2019, 412, 180–188.
DOI Google Scholar
[155]

Singh, R.; Witte, R.; Mu, X. K.; Brezesinski, T.; Hahn, H.; Kruk, R.; Breitung, B. Reversible control of magnetism: On the conversion of hydrated FeF3 with Li to Fe and LiF. J. Mater. Chem. A 2019, 7, 24005–24011.
DOI Google Scholar
[156]

Murugesan, V.; Cho, J. S.; Govind, N.; Andersen, A.; Olszta, M. J.; Han, K. S.; Li, G. S.; Lee, H.; Reed, D. M.; Sprenkle, V. L. et al. Lithium insertion mechanism in iron fluoride nanoparticles prepared by catalytic decomposition of fluoropolymer. ACS Appl. Energy Mater. 2019, 2, 1832–1843.
DOI Google Scholar
[157]

Huang, Q.; Pollard, T. P.; Ren, X. L.; Kim, D.; Magasinski, A.; Borodin, O.; Yushin, G. Fading mechanisms and voltage hysteresis in FeF2-NiF2 solid solution cathodes for lithium and lithium-ion batteries. Small 2019, 15, 1804670.
DOI Google Scholar
[158]

Fu, M. S.; Yao, Z. P.; Ma, X.; Dong, H.; Sun, K.; Hwang, S.; Hu, E. Y.; Gan, H.; Yao, Y.; Stach, E. A. et al. Expanded lithiation of titanium disulfide: Reaction kinetics of multi-step conversion reaction. Nano Energy 2019, 63, 103882.
DOI Google Scholar
[159]

Bensalah, N.; Mustafa, N. In situ generated MWCNT-FeF3·0.33 H2O nanocomposites toward stable performance cathode material for lithium ion batteries. Emergent Mater. 2019, 2, 59–66.
DOI Google Scholar
[160]

Yang, Z. H.; Zhao, S.; Pan, Y. J.; Wang, X. Y.; Liu, H. H.; Wang, Q.; Zhang, Z. J.; Deng, B.; Guo, C. S.; Shi, X. Q. Atomistic insights into FeF3 nanosheet: An ultrahigh-rate and long-life cathode material for Li-ion batteries. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2018, 10, 3142–3151.
DOI Google Scholar
[161]

Ma, W. Q.; Liu, X. Z.; Lei, X. F.; Yuan, Z. H.; Ding, Y. Micro/nano-structured FeS2 for high energy efficiency rechargeable Li-FeS2 battery. Chem. Eng. J. 2018, 334, 725–731.
DOI Google Scholar
[162]

Li, T.; Qin, A. Q.; Wang, H. T.; Wu, M. Y.; Zhang, Y. Y.; Zhang, Y. J.; Zhang, D. H.; Xu, F. A high-performance hybrid Mg2+/Li+ battery based on hierarchical copper sulfide microflowers conversion cathode. Electrochim. Acta 2018, 263, 168–175.
DOI Google Scholar
[163]

Li, J.; Fu, L. C.; Xu, Z. W.; Zhu, J. J.; Yang, W. L.; Li, D. Y.; Zhou, L. P. Electrochemical properties of carbon-wrapped FeF3 nanocomposite as cathode material for lithium ion battery. Electrochim. Acta 2018, 281, 88–98.
DOI Google Scholar
[164]

Li, C. L.; Chen, K. Y.; Zhou, X. J.; Maier, J. Electrochemically driven conversion reaction in fluoride electrodes for energy storage devices. npj Comput. Mater. 2018, 4, 22.
DOI Google Scholar
[165]

Shi, Y.; Yin, P.; Li, J.; Xu, X.; Jiang, Q.; Li, J.; Sari, H.; Wang, J.; Li, W.; Hu, J.; Lin, Q.; Liu, J.; Yang, J.; Li, X. Ultra-high rate capability of in-situ anchoring FeF3 cathode onto double-enhanced conductive Fe/graphitic carbon for high energy density lithium-ion batteries. Nano Energy 2023, 108, 108181.
DOI Google Scholar
[166]

Xin, S.; Chang, Z. W.; Zhang, X. B.; Guo, Y. G. Progress of rechargeable lithium metal batteries based on conversion reactions. Natl. Sci. Rev. 2017, 4, 54–70.
DOI Google Scholar
[167]

Wang, X. S.; Du, K. Z.; Wang, C.; Ma, L. X.; Zhao, B. L.; Yang, J. F.; Li, M. X.; Zhang, X. X.; Xue, M. Q.; Chen, J. T. Unique reversible conversion-type mechanism enhanced cathode performance in amorphous molybdenum polysulfide. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2017, 9, 38606–38611.
DOI Google Scholar
[168]

Owen, N.; Zhang, Q. Investigations of aluminum fluoride as a new cathode material for lithium-ion batteries. J. Appl. Electrochem. 2017, 47, 417–431.
DOI Google Scholar
[169]

Lin, C. F.; Fan, X. L.; Pearse, A.; Liou, S. C.; Gregorczyk, K.; Leskes, M.; Wang, C. S.; Lee, S. B.; Rubloff, G. W.; Noked, M. Highly reversible conversion-type FeOF composite electrode with extended lithium insertion by atomic layer deposition LiPON protection. Chem. Mater. 2017, 29, 8780–8791.
DOI Google Scholar
[170]

Li, Y.; Yao, F. N.; Cao, Y.; Yang, H. Y.; Feng, Y. Y.; Feng, W. The mediated synthesis of FeF3 nanocrystals through (NH4)3FeF6 precursors as the cathode material for high power lithium ion batteries. Electrochim. Acta 2017, 253, 545–553.
DOI Google Scholar
[171]

Guntlin, C. P.; Zünd, T.; Kravchyk, K. V.; Wörle, M.; Bodnarchuk, M. I.; Kovalenko, M. V. Nanocrystalline FeF3 and MF2 (M = Fe, Co, and Mn) from metal trifluoroacetates and their Li(Na)-ion storage properties. J. Mater. Chem. A 2017, 5, 7383–7393.
DOI Google Scholar
[172]

Butala, M. M.; Mayo, M.; Doan-Nguyen, V. V. T.; Lumley, M. A.; Göbel, C.; Wiaderek, K. M.; Borkiewicz, O. J.; Chapman, K. W.; Chupas, P. J.; Balasubramanian, M. et al. Local structure evolution and modes of charge storage in secondary Li-FeS2 cells. Chem. Mater. 2017, 29, 3070–3082.
DOI Google Scholar
[173]

Son, S. B.; Yersak, T. A.; Piper, D. M.; Kim, S. C.; Kang, C. S.; Cho, J. S.; Suh, S. S.; Kim, Y. U.; Oh, K. H.; Lee, S. H. A stabilized PAN-FeS2 cathode with an EC/DEC liquid electrolyte. Adv. Energy Mater. 2014, 4, 1300961.
DOI Google Scholar
[174]

Ma, D. L.; Cao, Z. Y.; Wang, H. G.; Huang, X. L.; Wang, L. M.; Zhang, X. B. Three-dimensionally ordered macroporous FeF3 and its in situ homogenous polymerization coating for high energy and power density lithium ion batteries. Energy Environ. Sci. 2012, 5, 8538–8542.
DOI Google Scholar
[175]

Kitchaev, D. A.; Peng, H. W.; Liu, Y.; Sun, J. W.; Perdew, J. P.; Ceder, G. Energetics of MnO2 polymorphs in density functional theory. Phys. Rev. B 2016, 93, 045132.
DOI Google Scholar
[176]

Song, Y. N.; Yang, S. F.; Zavalij, P. Y.; Whittingham, M. S. Temperature-dependent properties of FePO4 cathode materials. Mater. Res. Bull. 2002, 37, 1249–1257.
DOI Google Scholar
[177]

Zhang, Y.; Meng, J. W.; Chen, K. Y.; Wu, H.; Hu, J. L.; Li, C. L. Garnet-based solid-state lithium fluoride conversion batteries benefiting from eutectic interlayer of superior wettability. ACS Energy Lett. 2020, 5, 1167–1176.
DOI Google Scholar
[178]

Shao, B. W.; Tan, S.; Huang, Y. L.; Zhang, L. F.; Shi, J.; Yang, X. Q.; Hu, E. Y.; Han, F. D. Enabling conversion-type iron fluoride cathode by halide-based solid electrolyte. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2022, 32, 2206845.
DOI Google Scholar
[179]

Inoishi, A.; Setoguchi, N.; Hori, H.; Kobayashi, E.; Sakamoto, R.; Sakaebe, H.; Okada, S. FeF3 as reversible cathode for all-solid-state fluoride batteries. Adv. Energy Sustainability Res. 2022, 3, 2200131.
DOI Google Scholar
[180]

Ma, Y.; Garofalini, S. H. Atomistic insights into the conversion reaction in iron fluoride: A dynamically adaptive force field approach. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2012, 134, 8205–8211.
DOI Google Scholar
Publication history
Copyright
Acknowledgements

Publication history

Received: 29 October 2022
Revised: 12 December 2022
Accepted: 19 December 2022
Published: 10 February 2023
Issue date: June 2023

Copyright

© Tsinghua University Press 2023

Acknowledgements

Acknowledgements

This work was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 51672069 and 52072112), Program for Innovative Research Team in Science and Technology in the University of Henan Province (No. 20IRTSTHN012), Henan Overseas Expertise Introduction Center for Discipline Innovation (No. CXJD2021003), Science and Technology Development Project of Henan Province (No. 202102210105), and Zhongyuan Thousand Talents Program of Henan Province (No. ZYQR201912155).

Return