Journal Home > Volume 15 , Issue 6
Nano Research 2022, 15(6): 4845-4858 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-021-3704-5
Research Article | Open Access | Issue | Published: 24 July 2021

Al-driven peculiarities of local coordination and magnetic properties in single-phase Alx-CrFeCoNi high-entropy alloys

Show Author's Information Alevtina Smekhova1( ),  Alexei Kuzmin2,  Konrad Siemensmeyer1,  Chen Luo1,  Kai Chen1,  Florin Radu1,  Eugen Weschke1,  Uwe Reinholz3,  Ana Guilherme Buzanich3,  Kirill V. Yusenko3( )
Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie (HZB), D-12489, Germany
Institute of Solid State Physics, University of Latvia, LV-1063, Latvia
Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und – prüfung (BAM), D-12489, Germany
Keywords:
magnetism, X-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD), high-entropy alloys, reverse Monte Carlo, element-specific spectroscopy, extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS)
Topics:
Nanocrystalline alloys
Cite this article:
Smekhova A, Kuzmin A, Siemensmeyer K, et al. Al-driven peculiarities of local coordination and magnetic properties in single-phase Alx-CrFeCoNi high-entropy alloys. Nano Research, 2022, 15(6): 4845-4858. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-021-3704-5
Download citation
EndNote(RIS)
BibTeX

1118

Views

52

Downloads

Citations

12

Crossref

14

WoS

13

Scopus

0

CSCD

Abstract Full text Electronic supplementary material About this article

Modern design of superior multi-functional alloys composed of several principal components requires in-depth studies of their local structure for developing desired macroscopic properties. Herein, peculiarities of atomic arrangements on the local scale and electronic states of constituent elements in the single-phase face-centered cubic (fcc)- and body-centered cubic (bcc)-structured high-entropy Alx-CrFeCoNi alloys (x = 0.3 and 3, respectively) are explored by element-specific X-ray absorption spectroscopy in hard and soft X-ray energy ranges. Simulations based on the reverse Monte Carlo approach allow to perform a simultaneous fit of extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectra recorded at K absorption edges of each 3d constituent and to reconstruct the local environment within the first coordination shells of absorbers with high precision. The revealed unimodal and bimodal distributions of all five elements are in agreement with structure-dependent magnetic properties of studied alloys probed by magnetometry. A degree of surface atoms oxidation uncovered by soft X-rays suggests different kinetics of oxide formation for each type of constituents and has to be taken into account. X-ray magnetic circular dichroism technique employed at L2,3 absorption edges of transition metals demonstrates reduced magnetic moments of 3d metal constituents in the sub-surface region of in situ cleaned fcc-structured Al0.3-CrFeCoNi compared to their bulk values. Extended to nanostructured versions of multicomponent alloys, such studies would bring new insights related to effects of high entropy mixing on low dimensions.


menu
Abstract
Full text
Outline
Electronic supplementary material
About this article

Al-driven peculiarities of local coordination and magnetic properties in single-phase Alx-CrFeCoNi high-entropy alloys

Show Author's information Alevtina Smekhova1( ), Alexei Kuzmin2, Konrad Siemensmeyer1, Chen Luo1, Kai Chen1, Florin Radu1, Eugen Weschke1, Uwe Reinholz3, Ana Guilherme Buzanich3, Kirill V. Yusenko3( )
Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie (HZB), D-12489, Germany
Institute of Solid State Physics, University of Latvia, LV-1063, Latvia
Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und – prüfung (BAM), D-12489, Germany

Abstract

Modern design of superior multi-functional alloys composed of several principal components requires in-depth studies of their local structure for developing desired macroscopic properties. Herein, peculiarities of atomic arrangements on the local scale and electronic states of constituent elements in the single-phase face-centered cubic (fcc)- and body-centered cubic (bcc)-structured high-entropy Alx-CrFeCoNi alloys (x = 0.3 and 3, respectively) are explored by element-specific X-ray absorption spectroscopy in hard and soft X-ray energy ranges. Simulations based on the reverse Monte Carlo approach allow to perform a simultaneous fit of extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectra recorded at K absorption edges of each 3d constituent and to reconstruct the local environment within the first coordination shells of absorbers with high precision. The revealed unimodal and bimodal distributions of all five elements are in agreement with structure-dependent magnetic properties of studied alloys probed by magnetometry. A degree of surface atoms oxidation uncovered by soft X-rays suggests different kinetics of oxide formation for each type of constituents and has to be taken into account. X-ray magnetic circular dichroism technique employed at L2,3 absorption edges of transition metals demonstrates reduced magnetic moments of 3d metal constituents in the sub-surface region of in situ cleaned fcc-structured Al0.3-CrFeCoNi compared to their bulk values. Extended to nanostructured versions of multicomponent alloys, such studies would bring new insights related to effects of high entropy mixing on low dimensions.

Keywords: magnetism, X-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD), high-entropy alloys, reverse Monte Carlo, element-specific spectroscopy, extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS)

References(67)

1

Cantor, B.; Chang, I. T. H.; Knight, P.; Vincent, A. J. B. Microstructural development in equiatomic multicomponent alloys. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 2004, 375-377, 213–218.
DOI Google Scholar
2

Yeh, J. W. Recent progress in high-entropy alloys. Ann. Chim. Sci. Mat. 2006, 31, 633–648.
DOI Google Scholar
3

Ye, Y. F.; Wang, Q.; Lu, J.; Liu, C. T.; Yang, Y. High-entropy alloy: Challenges and prospects. Mater Today 2016, 19, 349–362.
DOI Google Scholar
4

George, E. P.; Raabe, D.; Ritchie, R. O. High-entropy alloys. Nat. Rev. Mater. 2019, 4, 515–534.
DOI Google Scholar
5

Yeh, J. W.; Lin, S. J.; Chin, T. S.; Gan, J. Y.; Chen, S. K.; Shun, T. T.; Tsau C. H.; Chou S. Y. Formation of simple crystal structures in Cu−Co−Ni−Cr−Al−Fe−Ti−V alloys with multiprincipal metallic elements. Metall. Mater. Trans. A 2004, 35, 2533–2536.
DOI Google Scholar
6

Dahlborg, U.; Cornide, J.; Calvo-Dahlborg, M.; Hansen, T. C.; Fitch, A.; Leong, Z.; Chambreland, S.; Goodall, R. Structure of some CoCrFeNi and CoCrFeNiPd multicomponent HEA alloys by diffraction techniques. J. Alloys Compd. 2016, 681, 330–341.
DOI Google Scholar
7

Santodonato, L. J.; Zhang, Y.; Feygenson, M.; Parish, C. M.; Gao, M. C.; Weber, R. J. K.; Neuefeind, J. C.; Tang, Z.; Liaw, P. K. Deviation from high-entropy configurations in the atomic distributions of a multi-principal-element alloy. Nat. Commun. 2015, 6, 5964.
DOI Google Scholar
8

Li, D. Y.; Li, C. X.; Feng, T.; Zhang, Y. D.; Sha, G.; Lewandowski, J. J.; Liaw, P. K.; Zhang, Y. High-entropy Al0.3CoCrFeNi alloy fibers with high tensile strength and ductility at ambient and cryogenic temperatures. Acta Mater. 2017, 123, 285–294.
DOI Google Scholar
9

Li, Z. Z.; Zhao, S. T.; Ritchie, R. O.; Meyers, M. A. Mechanical properties of high-entropy alloys with emphasis on face-centered cubic alloys. Prog. Mater. Sci. 2019, 102, 296–345.
DOI Google Scholar
10

Schneeweiss, O.; Friák, M.; Dudová, M.; Holec, D.; Šob, M.; Kriegner, D.; Holý, V.; Beran, P.; George, E. P.; Neugebauer, J. et al. Magnetic properties of the CrMnFeCoNi high-entropy alloy. Phys. Rev. B 2017, 96, 014437.
DOI Google Scholar
11

Gaertner, D.; Abrahams, K.; Kottke, J.; Esin, V. A.; Steinbach, I.; Wilde, G.; Divinski S. V. Concentration-dependent atomic mobilities in FCC CoCrFeMnNi high-entropy alloys. Acta Mater. 2019, 166, 357–370.
DOI Google Scholar
12
Gao, M. C.; Yeh, J. W.; Liaw, P. K.; Zhang, Y. High-Entropy Alloys: Fundamentals and Applications; Springer: Cham, 2016.
13

Pogrebnjak, A. D.; Bagdasaryan, A. A.; Yakushchenko, I. V.; Beresnev, V. M. The structure and properties of high-entropy alloys and nitride coatings based on them. Russ. Chem. Rev. 2014, 83, 1027–1061.
DOI Google Scholar
14

Marshal, A.; Pradeep, K. G.; Music, D.; Wang, L.; Petracic, O.; Schneider, J. M. Combinatorial evaluation of phase formation and magnetic properties of FeMnCoCrAl high entropy alloy thin film library. Sci. Rep. 2019, 9, 7864.
DOI Google Scholar
15

Niu, C.; Zaddach, A. J.; Oni, A. A.; Sang, X.; Hurt, J. W.; LeBeau, J. M.; Koch, C. C.; Irving, D. L. Spin-driven ordering of Cr in the equiatomic high entropy alloy NiFeCrCo. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2015, 106, 161906.
DOI Google Scholar
16

Meisenheimer, P. B.; Williams, L. D.; Sung, S. H.; Gim, J.; Shafer, P.; Kotsonis, G. N.; Maria, J. P.; Trassin, M.; Hovden, R.; Kioupakis, E. et al. Magnetic frustration control through tunable stereochemically driven disorder in entropy-stabilized oxides. Phys. Rev. Mater. 2019, 3, 104420.
DOI Google Scholar
17

Kotsonis, G. N.; Meisenheimer, P. B.; Miao, L. X.; Roth, J.; Wang, B. M.; Shafer, P.; Engel-Herbert, R.; Alem, N.; Heron, J. T.; Rost, C. M. et al. Property and cation valence engineering in entropy-stabilized oxide thin films. Phys. Rev. Mater. 2020, 4, 100401(R).
DOI Google Scholar
18

Tung, C. C.; Yeh, J. W.; Shun. T. T.; Chen, S. K.; Huang, Y. S.; Chen, H. C. On the elemental effect of AlCoCrCuFeNi high-entropy alloy system. Mater. Lett. 2007, 61, 1–5.
DOI Google Scholar
19

Wang, W. R.; Wang, W. L.; Wang, S. C.; Tsai, Y. C.; Lai, C. H.; Yeh, J. W. Effects of Al addition on the microstructure and mechanical property of AlxCoCrFeNi high-entropy alloys. Intermetallics 2012, 26, 44–51.
DOI Google Scholar
20

Li, C.; Li, J. C.; Zhao, M.; Jiang, Q. Effect of aluminum contents on microstructure and properties of AlxCoCrFeNi alloys. J. Alloys Compd. 2010, 504, S515–S518.
DOI Google Scholar
21

Kao, Y. F.; Chen, T. J.; Chen, S. K.; Yeh, J. W. Microstructure and mechanical property of as-cast, -homogenized, and-deformed AlxCoCrFeNi (0 ≤ x ≤ 2) high-entropy alloys. J. Alloys Compd. 2009, 488, 57–64.
DOI Google Scholar
22

Cieslak, J.; Tobola, J.; Reissne, M. The effect of bcc/fcc phase preference on magnetic properties of AlxCrFeCoNi high entropy alloys. Intermetallics 2020, 118, 106672.
DOI Google Scholar
23

Yusenko, K. V.; Riva, S.; Crichton, W. A.; Spektor, K.; Bykova, E.; Pakhomova, A.; Tudball, A.; Kupenko, I.; Rohrbach, A.; Klemme, S. et al. High-pressure high-temperature tailoring of high entropy alloys for extreme environments. J. Alloys Compd. 2018, 738, 491–500.
DOI Google Scholar
24

Riva, S.; Mehraban, S.; Lavery, N. P.; Schwarzmüller, S.; Oeckler, O.; Brown, S. G. R.; Yusenko K. V. The effect of scandium ternary intergrain precipitates in Al-containing high-entropy alloys. Entropy 2018, 20, 488.
DOI Google Scholar
25

Riva, S.; Tudball, A.; Mehraban, S.; Lavery, N. P.; Brown, S. G. R.; Yusenko, K. V. A novel high-entropy alloy-based composite material. J. Alloys Compd. 2018, 730, 544–551.
DOI Google Scholar
26

Zhang, F. X.; Tong, Y.; Jin, K.; Bei, H. B.; Weber, W. J.; Zhang, Y. W. Lattice distortion and phase stability of Pd-doped NiCoFeCr solid-solution alloys. Entropy 2018, 20, 900.
DOI Google Scholar
27

Zhang, F. X.; Tong, Y.; Jin, K.; Bei, H. B.; Weber, W. J.; Huq, A.; Lanzirotti, A.; Newville, M.; Pagan, D. C.; Ko, J. Y. P. Chemical complexity induced local structural distortion in NiCoFeMnCr high-entropy alloy. Mater. Res. Lett. 2018, 6, 450–455.
DOI Google Scholar
28

Oh, H. S.; Ma, D. C.; Leyson, G. P.; Grabowski, B.; Park, E. S.; Körmann, F.; Raabe, D. Lattice distortions in the FeCoNiCrMn high entropy alloy studied by theory and experiment. Entropy 2016, 18, 321.
DOI Google Scholar
29

Maulik, O.; Patra, N.; Bhattacharyya, D.; Jha, S. N.; Kumar, V. Local atomic structure investigation of AlFeCuCrMgx (0.5, 1, 1.7) high entropy alloys: X-ray absorption spectroscopy study. Solid State Commun. 2017, 252, 73–77.
DOI Google Scholar
30

Körmann, F.; Ma, D.; Belyea, D. D.; Lucas, M. S.; Miller, C. W.; Grabowski, B.; Sluiter, M. H. F. “Treasure maps” for magnetic high-entropy-alloys from theory and experiment. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2015, 107, 142404.
DOI Google Scholar
31

Cieslak, J.; Tobola, J.; Przewoznik, J.; Berent, K.; Dahlborg, U.; Cornide, J.; Mehraban, S.; Lavery, N.; Calvo-Dahlborg, M. Multi-phase nature of sintered vs. arc-melted CrxAlFeCoNi high entropy alloys-experimental and theoretical study. J. Alloys Compd. 2019, 801, 511–519.
DOI Google Scholar
32

Wang, H. L.; Gao, T. X.; Niu, J. Z.; Shi, P. J.; Xu, J.; Wang, Y. Microstructure, thermal properties, and corrosion behaviors of FeSiBAlNi alloy fabricated by mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering. Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater. 2016, 23, 77–82.
DOI Google Scholar
33

Mohanty, S.; Gurao, N. P.; Biswas, K. Sinter ageing of equiatomic Al20Co20Cu20Zn20Ni20 high entropy alloy via mechanical alloying. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 2014, 617, 211–218.
DOI Google Scholar
34

Zhang, A. J.; Han, J. S.; Meng, J. H.; Su, B.; Li, P. D. Rapid preparation of AlCoCrFeNi high entropy alloy by spark plasma sintering from elemental powder mixture. Mater. Lett. 2016, 181, 82–85.
DOI Google Scholar
35

Tracy, C. L.; Park, S.; Rittman, D. R.; Zinkle, S. J.; Bei, H. B.; Lang, M.; Ewing, R. C.; Mao, W. L. High pressure synthesis of a hexagonal close-packed phase of the high-entropy alloy CrMnFeCoNi. Nat. Commun. 2017, 8, 15634.
DOI Google Scholar
36

Riesemeier, H.; Ecker, K.; Görner, W.; Müller, B. R.; Radtke, M.; Krumrey, M. Layout and first XRF applications of the BAMline at BESSY II. X-Ray Spectrom. 2005, 34, 160–163.
DOI Google Scholar
37

Timoshenko, J.; Kuzmin, A.; Purans, J. Reverse Monte Carlo modeling of thermal disorder in crystalline materials from EXAFS spectra. Comput. Phys. Commun. 2012, 183, 1237–1245.
DOI Google Scholar
38

Timoshenko, J.; Kuzmin, A.; Purans, J. EXAFS study of hydrogen intercalation into ReO3 using the evolutionary algorithm. J. Phys. Condens. Matter 2014, 26, 055401.
DOI Google Scholar
39

Kuzmin, A.; Chaboy, J. EXAFS and XANES analysis of oxides at the nanoscale. IUCrJ. 2014, 1, 571–589.
DOI Google Scholar
40
Xaesa, v0.04; GitHub: 2021. https://github.com/aklnk/xaesa (accessed Nov 1, 2020).
41

Ankudinov, A. L.; Ravel, B.; Rehr, J. J.; Conradson, S. D. Real-space multiple-scattering calculation and interpretation of X-ray-absorption near-edge structure. Phys. Rev. B. 1998, 58, 7565–7576.
DOI Google Scholar
42

Rehr, J. J.; Albers, R. C. Theoretical approaches to X-ray absorption fine structure. Rev. Mod. Phys. 2000, 72, 621–654.
DOI Google Scholar
43

Hedin, L.; Lundqvist, B. I. Explicit local exchange-correlation potentials. J. Phys. C: Solid State Phys. 1971, 4, 2064–2083.
DOI Google Scholar
44
Noll, T.; Radu, F. In Proceedings of the Mechanical Engineering Design of Synchrotron Radiation Equipment and Instrumentation Conference (MEDSI’16), Barcelona, 2016 2017; pp 370–373.
45

Englisch, U.; Rossner, H.; Maletta, H.; Bahrdt, J.; Sasaki, S.; Senf, F.; Sawhney, K. J. S.; Gudat, W. The elliptical undulator UE46 and its monochromator beam-line for structural research on nanomagnets at BESSY-II. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A: Accel. Spectr., Detect. Ass. Equip. 2001, 467-468, 541–544.
DOI Google Scholar
46
Schmitz, D.; Rossner, H.; Imperia, P.; Maletta, H.; Bahrdt, J.; Follath, R.; Frentrup, W.; Gaupp, A.; Holldack, K.; Mertins, H. C. et al. Commissioning results of the UE46-PGM beamline. BESSY Annual Report. 2002, 358–361.
47

Poletti, M. G.; Branz, S.; Fiore, G.; Szost, B. A.; Crichton, W. A.; Battezzati, L. Equilibrium high entropy phases in X–NbTaTiZr (X = Al, V, Cr and Sn) multiprincipal component alloys. J. Alloys Compd. 2016, 655, 138–146.
DOI Google Scholar
48

Timoshenko, J.; Kuzmin, A. Wavelet data analysis of EXAFS spectra. Comput. Phys. Commun. 2009, 180, 920–925.
DOI Google Scholar
49

Funke, H.; Scheinost, A. C.; Chukalina, M. Wavelet analysis of extended X-ray absorption fine structure data. Phys. Rev. B 2005, 71, 094110.
DOI Google Scholar
50

La Torre, E.; Smekhova, A.; Schmitz-Antoniak, C.; Ollefs, K.; Eggert, B.; Cöster, B.; Walecki, D.; Wilhelm, F.; Rogalev, A.; Lindner, J. et al. Local probe of irradiation-induced structural changes and orbital magnetism in Fe60Al40 thin films via an order-disorder phase transition. Phys. Rev. B 2018, 98, 024101.
DOI Google Scholar
51

Antoniak, C. Extended X-ray absorption fine structure of bimetallic nanoparticles. Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 237–251.
DOI Google Scholar
52

Kuzmin, A.; Timoshenko, J.; Kalinko, A.; Jonane, I.; Anspoks, A. Treatment of disorder effects in X-ray absorption spectra beyond the conventional approach. Radiat. Phys. Chem. 2020, 175, 108112.
Google Scholar
53

Nascimento, C. B.; Donatus, U.; Ríos, C. T.; Antunes, R. A. Electronic properties of the passive films formed on CoCrFeNi and CoCrFeNiAl high entropy alloys in sodium chloride solution. J. Mater. Res. Technol. 2020, 9, 13879–13892.
DOI Google Scholar
54

Shi, Y. Z.; Yang, B.; Rack, P. D.; Guo, S. F.; Liaw, P. K.; Zhao, Y. High-throughput synthesis and corrosion behavior of sputter-deposited nanocrystalline Alx(CoCrFeNi)100-x combinatorial high-entropy alloys. Mater. Des. 2020, 195, 109018.
DOI Google Scholar
55

Botton, G. A.; Guo, G. Y.; Temmerman, W. M.; Humphreys, C. J. Experimental and theoretical study of the electronic structure of Fe, Co, and Ni aluminides with the B2 structure. Phys. Rev. B 1996, 54, 1682–1691.
Google Scholar
56

Anne, B. R.; Shaik, S.; Tanaka, M.; Basu, A. A crucial review on recent updates of oxidation behavior in high entropy alloys. SN Appl. Sci. 2021, 3, 366.
DOI Google Scholar
57

Chaudhary, V.; Soni, V.; Gwalani, B.; Ramanujan, R. V.; Banerjee, R. Influence of non-magnetic Cu on enhancing the low temperature magnetic properties and Curie temperature of FeCoNiCrCux high entropy alloys. Scr. Mater. 2020, 182, 99–103.
DOI Google Scholar
58

Thole, B. T.; Carra, P.; Sette, F.; van der Laan, G. X-ray circular dichroism as a probe of orbital magnetization. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1992, 68, 1943–1946.
DOI Google Scholar
59

Carra, P.; Thole, B. T.; Altarelli, M.; Wang, X. D. X-ray circular dichroism and local magnetic fields. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1993, 70, 694–697.
DOI Google Scholar
60

Meyer, J.; Tombers, M.; van Wüllen, C.; Niedner-Schatteburg, G.; Peredkov, S.; Eberhardt, W.; Neeb, M.; Palutke, S.; Martins, M.; Wurth, W. The spin and orbital contributions to the total magnetic moments of free Fe, Co, and Ni clusters. J. Chem. Phys 2015, 143, 104302.
DOI Google Scholar
61
Stöhr, J.; Siegmann, H. C. Magnetism: from Fundamentals to Nanoscale Dynamics; Springer-Verlag: Berlin, 2006.
62

Söderlind, P.; Eriksson, O.; Johansson, B.; Albers, R. C.; Boring, A. M. Spin and orbital magnetism in Fe-Co and Co-Ni alloys. Phys. Rev. B 1992, 45, 12911–12916.
DOI Google Scholar
63

Wu, R. Q.; Freeman, A. J. Limitation of the magnetic-circular-dichroism spin sum rule for transition metals and importance of the magnetic dipole term. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1994, 73, 1994–1997.
DOI Google Scholar
64

Langenberg, A.; Hirsch, K.; Ławicki, A.; Zamudio-Bayer, V.; Niemeyer, M.; Chmiela, P.; Langbehn, B.; Terasaki, A.; Issendorff, B. V.; Lau, J. T. Spin and orbital magnetic moments of size-selected iron, cobalt, and nickel clusters. Phys. Rev. B 2014, 90, 184420.
DOI Google Scholar
65

Timoshenko, J.; Keller, K. R.; Frenkel, A. I. Determination of bimetallic architectures in nanometer-scale catalysts by combining molecular dynamics simulations with X-ray absorption spectroscopy. J. Chem.Phys. 2017, 146, 114201.
DOI Google Scholar
66

Timoshenko, J.; Jeon, H. S.; Sinev, I.; Haase, F. T.; Herzog, A.; Cuenya, B. R. Linking the evolution of catalytic properties and structural changes in copper–zinc nanocatalysts using operando EXAFS and neural-networks. Chem. Sci. 2020, 11, 3727–3736.
DOI Google Scholar
67

Yeh, J. W.; Chen, S. K.; Lin, S. J.; Gan, J. Y.; Chin, T. S.; Shun, T. T.; Tsau, C. H.; Chang, S. Y. Nanostructured high-entropy alloys with multiple principal elements: Novel alloy design concepts and outcomes. Adv. Eng. Mater. 2004, 6, 299–303.
DOI Google Scholar
File
12274_2021_3704_MOESM1_ESM.pdf (848.7 KB)
Publication history
Copyright
Acknowledgements
Rights and permissions

Publication history

Received: 07 March 2021
Revised: 14 June 2021
Accepted: 21 June 2021
Published: 24 July 2021
Issue date: June 2022

Copyright

© The Author(s) 2021

Acknowledgements

Acknowledgements

The authors thank the Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin for the provision of access to synchrotron radiation facilities and allocation of synchrotron radiation at the PM2-VEKMAG, BAMline, and UE46_PGM-1 beamlines of BESSY II at HZB as well as measurement time for magnetometry at HZB CoreLab for Quantum Materials. A. S. acknowledges personal funding from CALIPSOplus project (the Grant Agreement no. 730872 from the EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation HORIZON 2020). The financial support for the VEKMAG project and the PM2-VEKMAG beamline by the German Federal Ministry for Education and Research (Nos. BMBF 05K10PC2, 05K10WR1, 05K10KE1) and by HZB is cordially acknowledged by all co-authors. Steffen Rudorff is acknowledged for technical support. Institute of Solid State Physics, University of Latvia as the Center of Excellence has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Framework Programme H2020-WIDESPREAD-01-2016-2017-TeamingPhase2 under grant agreement No. 739508, project CAMART2.

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made.

The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder.

To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

Return