Vacancy-defect-dipole amplifies the thermoacoustic conversion efficiency of carbon nanoprobes

Wei Fang; Yujiao Shi; Da Xing

doi:10.1007/s12274-020-2867-9

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Research Article

Vacancy-defect-dipole amplifies the thermoacoustic conversion efficiency of carbon nanoprobes

Wei Fang^{¹^,²}, Yujiao Shi^{¹^,²}(

), Da Xing^{¹^,²}(

)

1MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China

2College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China

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Graphical Abstract

Abstract

The immense potential of carbon nanoprobes (CNPs) for using as contrast agents has propelled much recent research and development in the field of thermoacoustic (TA) molecular imaging, while the proper engineering and design of such materials with required high TA conversion efficiency is still a highly challenging task. In this work, we proposed a controllable strategy to amplify the TA conversion efficiency of the CNPs by constructing vacancy defect (VD) dipoles, and systematically demonstrated the amplification mechanism through theoretical and experimental investigations. First-principles calculation results indicate that, when a carbon atom is removed from the CNPs by chemical approach, owing to local electron density redistribution, the VDs are formed at the positions of the original carbon atoms and act as the structural origin of permanent electric dipoles with the dipole moment several orders higher than that of non-defect sites. Under pulsed microwave irradiation, the VD dipoles are polarized repeatedly and significantly contribute to the conversion efficiency from absorbed electromagnetic waves to ultrasound through enhanced dielectric relaxation losses. We experimentally synthesized graphene samples with different VD densities and VD types to demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed strategy, and results coincide well with the theoretical proposition. This work offers feasible guidance to the systematic development and rational design of new high-conversion-efficiency TA CNPs via VD engineering.

Keywords

thermoacoustic conversion efficiency vacancy-defect carbon nanoprobes

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Nano Research

Volume 13 Issue 9,
September 2020

Pages 2413-2419

DOI: 10.1007/s12274-020-2867-9

Cite this article:

Fang W, Shi Y, Xing D. Vacancy-defect-dipole amplifies the thermoacoustic conversion efficiency of carbon nanoprobes. Nano Research, 2020, 13(9): 2413-2419. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-020-2867-9

Topics:

Calculations Carbon Defects Molecular imaging Nanoprobes

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Received: 18 December 2019

Revised: 05 April 2020

Accepted: 10 May 2020

Published: 25 June 2020