Multi-agent game operation strategy for energy system of building complex considering source-load uncertainty and integrated demand response

Renewable energy power generation technology is becoming increasingly mature, and its share in the energy supply of building complexes is increasing year by year. However, renewable energy is random and volatile, and user loads are adaptive and diversified, posing new challenges to the operation of energy systems of building complex (ESBC). To address the above issues, this paper proposes a game-based operation strategy for energy systems of building complexes that takes into account source-load uncertainty and integrated demand response. First, based on the energy consumption characteristics of multiple types of building group users, an energy cascade utilization and user diversified load model is constructed. Then, user participation in the integrated demand response mechanism and comfort requirements are analyzed. Next, a distributed robust optimization method is used to address source load uncertainty issues. Third, we comprehensively analyze the interests of integrated energy operators, multi-energy suppliers, and building group users to establish a two-layer master-slave game model for the ESBC. Finally, we employed an improved genetic algorithm (GA) combined with CPLEX to solve the model. Using a northern industrial park as a case study, we achieved a 15.59% reduction in carbon emissions, a 21.44% decrease in carbon emission costs, and a 2.13% improvement in user comfort. This demonstrates that the proposed strategy enhances the environmental sustainability of energy system operations while fully addressing the interests of multiple stakeholders.