Urban scale vehicle-to-building-to-grid integration leveraging human mobility modeling for enhanced grid flexibility

Across the U.S., the increasing demand for electric vehicle (EV) charging infrastructure is placing new demands on the power grid, challenging its stability and efficiency. To address these challenges, this study proposes a Vehicle-to-Building-to-Grid (V2B2G) framework that incorporates urban-scale human mobility modeling to optimize EV charging and discharging. Using anonymized GPS traces from the study community, we extracted individual mobility patterns and applied kernel-density estimation to predict departure and arrival times for each user. The framework was tested in a mixed-use community in Phoenix, Arizona that includes both residential and commercial buildings. A comprehensive decentralized model predictive control (MPC) framework is implemented to minimize energy costs and enhance grid flexibility through demand-side management while maintaining occupant comfort. Four different control strategies were designed and evaluated, the strategy which balances both user and grid benefits demonstrated the best performance, achieving: (1) a flattened grid net load curve, with a 56% reduction in on-peak demand and a 56% decrease in peak load rebound; (2) a 37.96% reduction in grid net load compared to the baseline control; and (3) a 68.05% performance improvement when considering six flexibility factors: cost savings, total-energy reduction, on-peak demand reduction, off-peak demand reduction, load shifting from peak to non-peak hours, and peak-load-rebound reduction. These findings enhance our understanding of the impacts of urban mobility and EV charging optimization on grid management.