Journal Home > Volume 14 , Issue 3
Building Simulation 2021, 14(3): 421-440 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12273-020-0669-3
Review Article | Open Access | Issue | Published: 22 August 2020

Swimming pool heating technology: A state-of-the-art review

Show Author's Information Yantong Li1,2( ),  Natasa Nord2,  Gongsheng Huang1,  Xin Li1
Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
Department of Energy and Process Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
Keywords:
phase change material, heat pump, solar energy, swimming pool, heating supply
Cite this article:
Li Y, Nord N, Huang G, et al. Swimming pool heating technology: A state-of-the-art review. Building Simulation, 2021, 14(3): 421-440. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12273-020-0669-3
Download citation
EndNote(RIS)
BibTeX

1100

Views

110

Downloads

Citations

14

Crossref

N/A

WoS

13

Scopus

0

CSCD

Abstract Full text About this article

A large amount of heat is needed to maintain the thermal comfort of both indoor and outdoor swimming pools in cold seasons. This motivates the development of various heating technologies aiming to reduce energy use, as well as operating and investment costs. Although their development can be traced back to the 1960s, a comprehensive review of these technologies is lacking. Therefore, this paper presents a comprehensive review of the development of heating technologies for swimming pools. This review firstly introduces available heat transfer models that can be used to calculate or predict heat loss and heat gain for swimming pools. Then, different passive and active technologies are summarized. The active heating technologies used for indoor swimming pools include solar collector, heat pump, waste heat recovery, geothermal energy, and congregation technologies. The active heating technologies used for outdoor swimming pools include solar collector, heat pump, PCM storage, geothermal energy, biomass heater, and waste heat recovery technologies. A discussion is presented on the practical and possible heating techniques for swimming pool applications. Finally, through the reviewed literature, future research opportunities are identified, to guide researchers to investigate swimming pool heating systems with suitable and relevant technologies.


menu
Abstract
Full text
Outline
About this article

Swimming pool heating technology: A state-of-the-art review

Show Author's information Yantong Li1,2( ), Natasa Nord2, Gongsheng Huang1, Xin Li1
Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
Department of Energy and Process Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway

Abstract

A large amount of heat is needed to maintain the thermal comfort of both indoor and outdoor swimming pools in cold seasons. This motivates the development of various heating technologies aiming to reduce energy use, as well as operating and investment costs. Although their development can be traced back to the 1960s, a comprehensive review of these technologies is lacking. Therefore, this paper presents a comprehensive review of the development of heating technologies for swimming pools. This review firstly introduces available heat transfer models that can be used to calculate or predict heat loss and heat gain for swimming pools. Then, different passive and active technologies are summarized. The active heating technologies used for indoor swimming pools include solar collector, heat pump, waste heat recovery, geothermal energy, and congregation technologies. The active heating technologies used for outdoor swimming pools include solar collector, heat pump, PCM storage, geothermal energy, biomass heater, and waste heat recovery technologies. A discussion is presented on the practical and possible heating techniques for swimming pool applications. Finally, through the reviewed literature, future research opportunities are identified, to guide researchers to investigate swimming pool heating systems with suitable and relevant technologies.

Keywords: phase change material, heat pump, solar energy, swimming pool, heating supply

References(127)

Abdel-Khalik SI (1976). Heat removal factor for a flat-plate solar collector with a serpentine tube. Solar Energy, 18: 59-64.
DOI Google Scholar
Aketouane Z, Malha M, Bruneau D, Bah A, Michel B, Asbik M, Ansari O (2018). Energy savings potential by integrating Phase Change Material into hollow bricks: The case of Moroccan buildings. Building Simulation, 11: 1109-1122.
DOI Google Scholar
Alkhamis A, Sherif S (1992). Performance analysis of a solar-assisted swimming pool heating system. Energy, 17: 1165-1172.
DOI Google Scholar
Amin ZM, Hawlader MNA (2013). A review on solar assisted heat pump systems in Singapore. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 26: 286-293.
DOI Google Scholar
Argyrou MC, Christodoulides P, Kalogirou SA (2018). Energy storage for electricity generation and related processes: Technologies appraisal and grid scale applications. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 94: 804-821.
DOI Google Scholar
ASHRAE (2003). ASHRAE Handbook: HVAC Applications. Atlanta: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers.
Asdrubali F (2009). A scale model to evaluate water evaporation from indoor swimming pools. Energy and Buildings, 41: 311-319.
DOI Google Scholar
Bai Y, Chow T-T, Ménézo C, Dupeyrat P (2012). Analysis of a hybrid PV/thermal solar-assisted heat pump system for sports center water heating application. International Journal of Photoenergy, 2012: 1-13.
DOI Google Scholar
Bajwa DS, Peterson T, Sharma N, Shojaeiarani J, Bajwa SG (2018). A review of densified solid biomass for energy production. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 96: 296-305.
DOI Google Scholar
Barbato M, Cirillo L, Menditto L, Moretti R, Nardini S (2018). Feasibility study of a geothermal energy system for indoor swimming pool in Campi Flegrei area. Thermal Science and Engineering Progress, 6: 421-425.
DOI Google Scholar
Bazilian MD, Leenders F, van der Ree B, Prasad D (2001). Photovoltaic cogeneration in the built environment. Solar Energy, 71: 57-69.
DOI Google Scholar
Berardi U, Soudian S (2018). Benefits of latent thermal energy storage in the retrofit of Canadian high-rise residential buildings. Building Simulation, 11: 709-723.
DOI Google Scholar
Bergman TL, Incropera FP, DeWitt DP, Lavine AS (2011). Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer, 7th edn. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons.
Blázquez JLF, Maestre IR, Gallero FJG, Gómez PÁ (2017). A new practical CFD-based methodology to calculate the evaporation rate in indoor swimming pools. Energy and Buildings, 149: 133-141.
DOI Google Scholar
Blázquez JLF, Maestre IR, González Gallero FJ, Álvarez Gómez P (2018). Experimental test for the estimation of the evaporation rate in indoor swimming pools: Validation of a new CFD-based simulation methodology. Building and Environment, 138: 293-299.
DOI Google Scholar
Borge D, Colmenar A, Castro M, Martín S, Sancristobal E (2011). Exergy efficiency analysis in buildings climatized with LiCl-H2O solar cooling systems that use swimming pools as heat sinks. Energy and Buildings, 43: 3161-3172.
DOI Google Scholar
Bourne S, Novoselac A (2015). Compact PCM-based thermal stores for shifting peak cooling loads. Building Simulation, 8: 673-688.
DOI Google Scholar
Bowen IS (1926). The ratio of heat losses by conduction and by evaporation from any water surface. Physical Review, 27: 779.
DOI Google Scholar
Brambley MR, Wells SE (1983). Energy-conservation measures for indoor swimming pools. Energy, 8: 403-418.
DOI Google Scholar
Brook F (1955). Solar Energy Research. Daniels F, Duffle JA (eds). Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
Buonomano A, de Luca G, Figaj RD, Vanoli L (2015). Dynamic simulation and thermo-economic analysis of a PhotoVoltaic/ Thermal collector heating system for an indoor-outdoor swimming pool. Energy Conversion and Management, 99: 176-192.
DOI Google Scholar
Chan WW, Lam JC (2003). Energy-saving supporting tourism sustainability: A case study of hotel swimming pool heat pump. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 11: 74-83.
DOI Google Scholar
Chow TT, Bai Y, Fong KF, Lin Z (2012). Analysis of a solar assisted heat pump system for indoor swimming pool water and space heating. Applied Energy, 100: 309-317.
DOI Google Scholar
Ciuman P, Lipska B (2018). Experimental validation of the numerical model of air, heat and moisture flow in an indoor swimming pool. Building and Environment, 145: 1-13.
DOI Google Scholar
Clot MR, Rosa-Clot P, Tina GM (2017). Submerged PV solar panel for swimming pools: SP3. Energy Procedia, 134: 567-576.
DOI Google Scholar
Croy R, Peuser FA (1994). Experience with solar systems for heating swimming pools in Germany. Solar Energy, 53: 47-52.
DOI Google Scholar
Cunio LN, Sproul AB (2012). Performance characterisation and energy savings of uncovered swimming pool solar collectors under reduced flow rate conditions. Solar Energy, 86: 1511-1517.
DOI Google Scholar
Czarnecki JT (1963). A method of heating swimming pools by solar energy. Solar Energy, 7: 3-7.
DOI Google Scholar
Dang A (1986). A parametric study of swimming pool heating—I. Energy Conversion and Management, 26: 27-31.
DOI Google Scholar
Degaulle (2020a). A project for a Vietnam hotel. Available at https:// www.degaullepool.com/vietnam-hotel-swimming-pool-project.html.
Degaulle (2020b). A project for an Indonesia hotel. Available at https://www.degaullepool.com/indonesia-hotel-swimming-pool-project.html.
Delmastro C, Mutani G, Schranz L (2015). Advantages of coupling a woody biomass cogeneration plant with a district heating network for a sustainable built environment: A case study in luserna San Giovanni (Torino, Italy). Energy Procedia, 78: 794-799.
DOI Google Scholar
Drissi Lamrhari E-H, Benhamou B (2018). Thermal behavior and energy saving analysis of a flat with different energy efficiency measures in six climates. Building Simulation, 11: 1123-1144.
DOI Google Scholar
Du Y, Mak CM, Liu J, Xia Q, Niu J, Kwok KCS (2017). Effects of lift-up design on pedestrian level wind comfort in different building configurations under three wind directions. Building and Environment, 117: 84-99.
DOI Google Scholar
Du Y, Mak CM, Ai Z (2018). Modelling of pedestrian level wind environment on a high-quality mesh: A case study for the HKPolyU campus. Environmental Modelling & Software, 103: 105-119.
DOI Google Scholar
Du R, Li W, Xiong T, Yang X, Wang Y, Shah KW (2019). Numerical investigation on the melting of nanoparticle-enhanced PCM in latent heat energy storage unit with spiral coil heat exchanger. Building Simulation, 12: 869-879.
DOI Google Scholar
Du Y, Blocken B, Pirker S (2020). A novel approach to simulate pollutant dispersion in the built environment: Transport-based recurrence CFD. Building and Environment, 170: 106604.
DOI Google Scholar
EU (2020). EU 2030 climate & energy framework. Available at https://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/strategies/2030_en.
Facão, J, Oliveira AC (2006). Analysis of a micro-cogeneration system using hybrid solar/gas collectors. International Journal of Low-Carbon Technologies, 1: 285-297.
DOI Google Scholar
Feng X, Yan D, Yu R, Gao Y (2017). Investigation and modelling of the centralized solar domestic hot water system in residential buildings. Building Simulation, 10: 87-96.
DOI Google Scholar
Francey JLA, Golding P, Clarke R (1980). Low-cost solar heating of community pools using pool covers. Solar Energy, 25: 407-416.
DOI Google Scholar
Furukakoi M, Adewuyi OB, Matayoshi H, Howlader AM, Senjyu T (2018). Multi objective unit commitment with voltage stability and PV uncertainty. Applied Energy, 228: 618-623.
DOI Google Scholar
Gorzin M, Hosseini MJ, Ranjbar AA, Bahrampoury R (2018). Investigation of PCM charging for the energy saving of domestic hot water system. Applied Thermal Engineering, 137: 659-668.
DOI Google Scholar
Govaer D, Zarmi Y (1981). Analytical evaluation of direct solar heating of swimming pools. Solar Energy, 27: 529-533.
DOI Google Scholar
Govaer D (1984). Determining the solar heating of swimming pools by the utilizability method. Solar Energy, 32: 667-669.
DOI Google Scholar
Greyvenstein GP, Meyer JP (1991). The viability of heat pumps for the heating of swimming pools in South Africa. Energy, 16: 1031-1037.
DOI Google Scholar
Haaf W, Luboschik U, Tesche B (1994). Solar swimming pool heating: Description of a validated model. Solar Energy, 53: 41-46.
DOI Google Scholar
Hahne E, Kübler R (1994). Monitoring and simulation of the thermal performance of solar heated outdoor swimming pools. Solar Energy, 53: 9-19.
DOI Google Scholar
Hanssen S, Mathisen H (1990). Evaporation from swimming pools. In: Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Engineering Aero-and Thermodynamics of Ventilated Rooms (Roomvent’90), Oslo, Norway.
Harkouss F, Fardoun F, Biwole PH (2018). Optimization approaches and climates investigations in NZEB—A review. Building Simulation, 11: 923-952.
DOI Google Scholar
Harrington C, Modera M (2013). Swimming pools as heat sinks for air conditioners: California feasibility analysis. Energy and Buildings, 59: 252-264.
DOI Google Scholar
Holmen (2020). Holmen indoor Swimming Pool, Asker. Available at https://www.arkitektur.no/holmen-indoor-swimming-pool-asker?lcid=1033.
Hong T, Langevin J, Sun K (2018). Building simulation: Ten challenges. Building Simulation, 11: 871-898.
DOI Google Scholar
Hou J, Cao M, Liu P (2018). Development and utilization of geothermal energy in China: Current practices and future strategies. Renewable Energy, 125: 401-412.
DOI Google Scholar
ISO/TC 180 (1995). ISO/TC 180/SC 4 N 140. Solar Energy—Heating Systems for Swimming Pools—Design and Installation.
Johansson L, Westerlund L (2001). Energy savings in indoor swimming-pools: comparison between different heat-recovery systems. Applied Energy, 70: 281-303.
DOI Google Scholar
Kampel W, Aas B, Bruland A (2013). Energy-use in Norwegian swimming halls. Energy and Buildings, 59: 181-186.
DOI Google Scholar
Kampel W, Carlucci S, Aas B, Bruland A (2016). A proposal of energy performance indicators for a reliable benchmark of swimming facilities. Energy and Buildings, 129: 186-198.
DOI Google Scholar
Katsaprakakis DA (2015). Comparison of swimming pools alternative passive and active heating systems based on renewable energy sources in Southern Europe. Energy, 81: 738-753.
DOI Google Scholar
Kim S, Lee H, Kim H, Jang D-H, Kim H-J, Hur J, Cho Y-S, Hur K (2018). Improvement in policy and proactive interconnection procedure for renewable energy expansion in South Korea. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 98: 150-162.
DOI Google Scholar
Kuyumcu ME, Tutumlu H, Yumrutaş R (2016). Performance of a swimming pool heating system by utilizing waste energy rejected from an ice rink with an energy storage tank. Energy Conversion and Management, 121: 349-357.
DOI Google Scholar
Lam JC, Chan WW (2001). Life cycle energy cost analysis of heat pump application for hotel swimming pools. Energy Conversion and Management, 42: 1299-1306.
DOI Google Scholar
Lam JC, Chan WW (2003). Energy performance of air-to-water and water-to-water heat pumps in hotel applications. Energy Conversion and Management, 44: 1625-1631.
DOI Google Scholar
Lan S, Yang Z, Chen R, Stobart R (2018). A dynamic model for thermoelectric generator applied to vehicle waste heat recovery. Applied Energy, 210: 327-338.
DOI Google Scholar
Lazzarin RM, Longo GA (1996). Comparison of heat recovery systems in public indoor swimming pools. Applied Thermal Engineering, 16: 561-570.
DOI Google Scholar
Lee W-S, Kung C-K (2008). Optimization of heat pump system in indoor swimming pool using particle swarm algorithm. Applied Thermal Engineering, 28: 1647-1653.
DOI Google Scholar
Li Y, Zhang Q, Sun X, Du Y, Liao S (2015). Optimization on performance of the latent heat storage unit (LHSU) in telecommunications base stations (TBSs) in China. Energy Procedia, 75: 2119-2124.
DOI Google Scholar
Li Y, Du Y, Xu T, Wu H, Zhou X, Ling Z, Zhang Z (2018a). Optimization of thermal management system for Li-ion batteries using phase change material. Applied Thermal Engineering, 131: 766-778.
DOI Google Scholar
Li Y, Huang G, Wu H, Xu T (2018b). Feasibility study of a PCM storage tank integrated heating system for outdoor swimming pools during the winter season. Applied Thermal Engineering, 134: 490-500.
DOI Google Scholar
Li Y, Huang G, Xu T, Liu X, Wu H (2018c). Optimal design of PCM thermal storage tank and its application for winter available open-air swimming pool. Applied Energy, 209: 224-235.
DOI Google Scholar
Li Y, Huang G (2019). Development of an integrated low-carbon heating system for outdoor swimming pools for winter application. In: Proceedings of the 13th REHVA World Congress (CLIMA 2019).
DOI
Li Z, Dai J, Chen H, Lin B (2019). An ANN-based fast building energy consumption prediction method for complex architectural form at the early design stage. Building Simulation, 12: 665-681.
DOI Google Scholar
Li Y, Ding Z, Du Y (2020a). Techno-economic optimization of open-air swimming pool heating system with PCM storage tank for winter applications. Renewable Energy, 150: 878-890.
DOI Google Scholar
Li Y, Ding Z, Shakerin M, Zhang N (2020b). A multi-objective optimal design method for thermal energy storage systems with PCM: A case study for outdoor swimming pool heating application. Journal of Energy Storage, 29: 101371.
DOI Google Scholar
Li Y, Zhang N, Ding Z (2020c). Investigation on the energy performance of using air-source heat pump to charge PCM storage tank. Journal of Energy Storage, 28: 101270.
DOI Google Scholar
Li C, Li C, Lyu Y, Qiu Z (2020d). Performance of double-circulation water-flow window system as solar collector and indoor heating terminal. Building Simulation, 13: 575-584.
DOI Google Scholar
Limane A, Fellouah H, Galanis N (2017). Simulation of airflow with heat and mass transfer in an indoor swimming pool by OpenFOAM. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 109: 862-878.
DOI Google Scholar
Limane A, Fellouah H, Galanis N (2018). Three-dimensional OpenFOAM simulation to evaluate the thermal comfort of occupants, indoor air quality and heat losses inside an indoor swimming pool. Energy and Buildings, 167: 49-68.
DOI Google Scholar
Lu T, Lü X, Viljanen M (2014). Prediction of water evaporation rate for indoor swimming hall using neural networks. Energy and Buildings, 81: 268-280.
DOI Google Scholar
McKeown D (2009). Swimming Pool Operator’s Manual. Toronto: Public Health.
McMillan W (1971). Heat dispersal—Lake trawsfynydd cooling studies. In: Symposium on Freshwater Biology and Electrical Power Generation, Part I, Session 1, pp. 41-80.
MEPC (2020). Typical material used in thermal-insulation covers. Available at https://www.m-ep.co.jp/.
Mohanraj M, Belyayev Y, Jayaraj S, Kaltayev A (2018). Research and developments on solar assisted compression heat pump systems—A comprehensive review (Part A: Modeling and modifications). Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 83: 90-123.
DOI Google Scholar
Molineaux B, Lachal B, Guisan O (1994a). Thermal analysis of five outdoor swimming pools heated by unglazed solar collectors. Solar Energy, 53: 21-26.
DOI Google Scholar
Molineaux B, Lachal B, Guisan O (1994b). Thermal analysis of five unglazed solar collector systems for the heating of outdoor swimming pools. Solar Energy, 53: 27-32.
DOI Google Scholar
Mousia A, Dimoudi A (2015). Energy performance of open air swimming pools in Greece. Energy and Buildings, 90: 166-172.
DOI Google Scholar
Moya D, Aldás C, Kaparaju P (2018). Geothermal energy: Power plant technology and direct heat applications. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 94: 889-901.
DOI Google Scholar
OMNEXUS (2020). Typical material used in thermal-insulation covers. Available at https://omnexus.specialchem.com/.
Oró E, Allepuz R, Martorell I, Salom J (2018). Design and economic analysis of liquid cooled data centres for waste heat recovery: A case study for an indoor swimming pool. Sustainable Cities and Society, 36: 185-203.
DOI Google Scholar
Panaras G, Markogiannaki M, Tolis EI, Sakellaris Y, Bartzis JG (2018). Experimental and theoretical investigation of air exchange rate of an indoor aquatic center. Sustainable Cities and Society, 39: 126-134.
DOI Google Scholar
Panchabikesan K, Joybari MM, Haghighat F, Ramalingam V, Ding Y (2020). Feasibility study on the year-round operation of PCM based free cooling systems in tropical climatic conditions. Energy, 192: 116695.
DOI Google Scholar
Rajagopalan P, Jamei E (2015). Thermal comfort of multiple user groups in indoor aquatic centres. Energy and Buildings, 105: 129-138.
DOI Google Scholar
Rakopoulos CD, Vazeos E (1987). A model of the energy fluxes in a solar heated swimming pool and its experimental validation. Energy Conversion and Management, 27: 189-195.
DOI Google Scholar
Richter D (1979). Temperatur-und Wärmehaushalt des thermisch belasteten Stechlin-und Nehmitzsees Abhandlung des Meteorologischen Dienstes der DDR Nr. 123. Berlin: Akademie-Verlag.
Rohwer C (1931). Evaporation from free water surfaces. Technical Bulletins 163103. US Department of Agriculture.
Romberg TA (1995). Reform in School Mathematics and Authentic Assessment. Albany, NY, USA: State University of New York Press.
Root DE, Jr (1960). Practical aspects of solar swimming pool heating. Solar Energy, 4: 23-24.
DOI Google Scholar
Ruiz E, Martínez PJ (2010). Analysis of an open-air swimming pool solar heating system by using an experimentally validated TRNSYS model. Solar Energy, 84: 116-123.
DOI Google Scholar
Sakah M, Diawuo FA, Katzenbach R, Gyamfi S (2017). Towards a sustainable electrification in Ghana: A review of renewable energy deployment policies. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 79: 544-557.
DOI Google Scholar
Shah MM (2002). Evaluation of available correlations for rate of evaporation from undisturbed water pools to quiet air. HVAC&R Research, 8: 125-131.
DOI Google Scholar
Shah MM (2003). Prediction of evaporation from occupied indoor swimming pools. Energy and Buildings, 35: 707-713.
DOI Google Scholar
Shah MM (2012). Improved method for calculating evaporation from indoor water pools. Energy and Buildings, 49: 306-309.
DOI Google Scholar
Shah M (2014). Methods for calculation of evaporation from swimming pools and other water surfaces. ASHRAE Transactions, 120(2): 3-17.
Google Scholar
Sharifi A, Yamagata Y (2015). Roof ponds as passive heating and cooling systems: A systematic review. Applied Energy, 160: 336-357.
DOI Google Scholar
Singh M, Tiwari GN, Yadav YP (1989). Solar energy utilization for heating of indoor swimming pool. Energy Conversion and Management, 29: 239-244.
DOI Google Scholar
Smith CC, Löf G, Jones R (1994). Measurement and analysis of evaporation from an inactive outdoor swimming pool. Solar Energy, 53: 3-7.
DOI Google Scholar
Somwanshi A, Tiwari AK, Sodha MS (2013). Feasibility of earth heat storage for all weather conditioning of open swimming pool water. Energy Conversion and Management, 68: 89-95.
DOI Google Scholar
Sun P, Wu J, Wang R, Xu Y (2011). Analysis of indoor environmental conditions and heat pump energy supply systems in indoor swimming pools. Energy and Buildings, 43: 1071-1080.
DOI Google Scholar
Szeicz G, McMonagle RC (1983). The heat balance of urban swimming pools. Solar Energy, 30: 247-259.
DOI Google Scholar
Tagliafico LA, Scarpa F, Tagliafico G, Valsuani F (2012). An approach to energy saving assessment of solar assisted heat pumps for swimming pool water heating. Energy and Buildings, 55: 833-840.
DOI Google Scholar
Tiwari GN, Sharma SB (1991). Design parameters for indoor swimming-pool heating using solar energy. Energy, 16: 971-975.
DOI Google Scholar
Tong LG, Zhang P, Yin SW, Zhang PK, Liu CP, et al. (2018). Waste heat recovery method for the air pre-purification system of an air separation unit. Applied Thermal Engineering, 143: 123-129.
DOI Google Scholar
Trianti-Stourna E, Spyropoulou K, Theofylaktos C, Droutsa K, Balaras CA, et al. (1998). Energy conservation strategies for sports centers: Part B. Swimming pools. Energy and Buildings, 27: 123-135.
DOI Google Scholar
Uribe D, Bustamante W, Vera S (2018). Potential of perforated exterior louvers to improve the comfort and energy performance of an office space in different climates. Building Simulation, 11: 695-708.
DOI Google Scholar
Varming (2020). Difference between passive and active applications. Available at http://www.varming.ie/blog/the-difference-between-passive-and-active-design.
Wang K, Herrando M, Pantaleo AM, Markides CN (2019). Thermoeconomic assessment of a PV/T combined heating and power system for University Sport Centre of Bari. Energy Procedia, 158: 1229-1234.
DOI Google Scholar
Westerlund L, Dahl J (1994). Use of an open absorption heat-pump for energy conservation in a public swimming-pool. Applied Energy, 49: 275-300.
DOI Google Scholar
Winterton RHS (1999). Newton’s law of cooling. Contemporary Physics, 40: 205-212.
DOI Google Scholar
Woolley J, Harrington C, Modera M (2011). Swimming pools as heat sinks for air conditioners: Model design and experimental validation for natural thermal behavior of the pool. Building and Environment, 46: 187-195.
DOI Google Scholar
Wu H, Tang R, Li Z, Zhong H (2009). A mathematical procedure to estimate solar absorptance of shallow water ponds. Energy Conversion and Management, 50: 1828-1833.
DOI Google Scholar
Xie H, Gong G, Fu M, Wang P, Li L (2018). A thermodynamic method to calculate energy & exergy consumption and CO2 emission of building materials based on economic indicator. Building Simulation, 11: 235-244.
DOI Google Scholar
Xu T, Li Y, Chen J, Liu J (2017). Preparation and thermal energy storage properties of LiNO3-KCl-NaNO3/expanded graphite composite phase change material. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 169: 215-221.
DOI Google Scholar
Xu T, Li Y, Chen J, Wu H, Zhou X, Zhang Z (2018). Improving thermal management of electronic apparatus with paraffin (PA)/ expanded graphite (EG)/graphene (GN) composite material. Applied Thermal Engineering, 140: 13-22.
DOI Google Scholar
Yadav YP, Tiwari GN (1987). Analytical model of solar swimming pool: Transient approach. Energy Conversion and Management, 27: 49-54.
DOI Google Scholar
Yandri E (2017). The effect of Joule heating to thermal performance of hybrid PVT collector during electricity generation. Renewable Energy, 111: 344-352.
DOI Google Scholar
Zhao J, Bilbao JI, Spooner ED, Sproul AB (2018). Experimental study of a solar pool heating system under lower flow and low pump speed conditions. Renewable Energy, 119: 320-335.
DOI Google Scholar
Zsembinszki G, Farid MM, Cabeza LF (2012). Analysis of implementing phase change materials in open-air swimming pools. Solar Energy, 86: 567-577.
DOI Google Scholar
Publication history
Copyright
Acknowledgements
Rights and permissions

Publication history

Received: 15 January 2020
Accepted: 25 May 2020
Published: 22 August 2020
Issue date: June 2021

Copyright

© Author(s) 2020

Acknowledgements

The work described in this paper was supported by a grant from the Research Grants Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China (No. 11208918). The authors appreciated the support of funding from the Department of Energy and Process Engineering of the Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway.

Rights and permissions

This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made.

The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder.

To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Return