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Original Article | Open Access

Global Burden and Temporal Trends of Brain and Central Nervous System Tumors in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

Zhaoyang Feng1,2 , Yu Su3, Lin Yang4, Kaiwen Deng1,2, Jianmin Wang5,6, Jiao Zhang7,8,9, Fei Liu1,2, Dongyang Wang1, Yuyan Liang10, Wei Wang10, Xiaoguang Qiu2, Tao Jiang1,11,12( ), Yu Tian3,13( ), Hailong Liu2,11,12,14( )
Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
Department of Radiotherapy, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
Department of Hospital‐Acquired Infection Control, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, China
Clinical Oncology School of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, China
Fujian Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Cancer Screening and Early Diagnosis, Clinical Oncology School of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, China
Cancer and Hematology Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas USA
Department of Pediatrics‐Hematology/Oncology and Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas USA
The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Center, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing, China
Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
Chinese Institute for Medical Research, Beijing, China

Zhaoyang Feng and Yu Su are the co‐first authors.

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Abstract

Background

Central nervous system (CNS) tumors pose major global health challenges. Previous studies often assessed all‐age populations without focusing on children and adolescents. We analyzed the burden and temporal trends of CNS tumors among individuals aged < 20 years from 1990 to 2021, with projections to 2036.

Methods

Data were obtained from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021, including annual incidence, mortality, and disability‐adjusted life years (DALYs) for brain and CNS tumors. Regions were classified by Socio‐demographic Index (SDI) to examine associations between burden and development. Temporal trends were analyzed using the age‐period‐cohort (APC) model and future projections via the Bayesian APC model.

Results

In 2021, an estimated 40,534.53 (95% uncertainty interval [UI]: 33,345.94–49,609.04) new cases of brain and CNS tumors occurred worldwide. The global age‐standardized incidence rate (ASIR) was 1.54 (95% UI: 1.27–1.88), and the death rate (ASDR) was 0.76 (0.61–0.93) per 100,000. High‐SDI regions showed the highest ASIR and ASDR, while lower‐SDI regions faced growing burdens. Mortality and DALYs improved most in Greenland, Serbia, and China. The APC model showed a mild global decline in incidence (p = 0.099) and significant mortality reduction (−1.16% annually, p < 0.01).

Conclusions

Global CNS tumor burden declined but remains uneven. Enhanced prevention and healthcare access are needed, especially in low‐SDI regions.

Graphical Abstract

Keywords

age‐period‐cohortbrain tumorschildglobal burden of diseaseincidencemortality

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References

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Cancer Innovation
Volume 5 Issue 4,
August 2026
Article number: e70079
DOI: 10.1002/cai2.70079

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Cite this article:
Feng Z, Su Y, Yang L, et al. Global Burden and Temporal Trends of Brain and Central Nervous System Tumors in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Cancer Innovation, 2026, 5(4): e70079. https://doi.org/10.1002/cai2.70079

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Received: 30 December 2025
Revised: 07 May 2026
Accepted: 25 May 2026
Published: 23 August 2026
© 2026 The Author(s). Tsinghua University Press.

This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.