265
Views
4
Downloads
0
Crossref
N/A
WoS
0
Scopus
N/A
CSCD
Head and neck cancer (HNC) is the seventh most prevalent malignancy worldwide in 2020. Cancer metastasis is the main cause of poor prognosis in HNC patients. Recently, circular RNAs (circRNAs), initially thought to have no biological function, are attracting increasing attention, and their crucial roles in mediating HNC metastasis are being extensively investigated. Existing studies have shown that circRNAs primarily function through miRNA sponges, transcriptional regulation, interacting with RNA‐binding proteins (RBPs) and as translation templates. Among these functions, the function of miRNA sponge is the most prominent. In this review, we summarized the reported circRNAs involved in HNC metastasis, aiming to elucidate the regulatory relationship between circRNAs and HNC metastasis. Furthermore, we summarized the latest advances in the epidemiological information of HNC metastasis and the tumor metastasis theories, the biogenesis, characterization and functional mechanisms of circRNAs, and their potential clinical applications. Although the research on circRNAs is still in its infancy, circRNAs are expected to serve as prognostic markers and effective therapeutic targets to inhibit HNC metastasis and significantly improve the prognosis of HNC patients.
Head and neck cancer (HNC) is the seventh most prevalent malignancy worldwide in 2020. Cancer metastasis is the main cause of poor prognosis in HNC patients. Recently, circular RNAs (circRNAs), initially thought to have no biological function, are attracting increasing attention, and their crucial roles in mediating HNC metastasis are being extensively investigated. Existing studies have shown that circRNAs primarily function through miRNA sponges, transcriptional regulation, interacting with RNA‐binding proteins (RBPs) and as translation templates. Among these functions, the function of miRNA sponge is the most prominent. In this review, we summarized the reported circRNAs involved in HNC metastasis, aiming to elucidate the regulatory relationship between circRNAs and HNC metastasis. Furthermore, we summarized the latest advances in the epidemiological information of HNC metastasis and the tumor metastasis theories, the biogenesis, characterization and functional mechanisms of circRNAs, and their potential clinical applications. Although the research on circRNAs is still in its infancy, circRNAs are expected to serve as prognostic markers and effective therapeutic targets to inhibit HNC metastasis and significantly improve the prognosis of HNC patients.
Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Laversanne M, Soerjomataram I, Jemal A, et al. Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2021;71(3):209–49. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21660
Kang H, Kiess A, Chung CH. Emerging biomarkers in head and neck cancer in the era of genomics. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2015;12(1):11–26. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrclinonc.2014.192
Pfister DG, Spencer S, Adelstein D, Adkins D, Anzai Y, Brizel DM, et al. Head and neck cancers, version 2.2020, NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology. J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 2020;18(7):873–98. https://doi.org/10.6004/jnccn.2020.0031
Warnakulasuriya S. Global epidemiology of oral and oropharyngeal cancer. Oral Oncol. 2009;45(4–5):309–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oraloncology.2008.06.002
Lee TK, Poon RTP, Wo JY, Ma S, Guan X‐Y, Myers JN, et al. Lupeol suppresses cisplatin‐induced nuclear factor‐κB activation in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and inhibits local invasion and nodal metastasis in an orthotopic nude mouse model. Cancer Res. 2007;67(18):8800–9. https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-07-0801
Sethi N, Kang Y. Unravelling the complexity of metastasis—molecular understanding and targeted therapies. Nat Rev Cancer. 2011;11(10):735–48. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrc3125
Babaei G, Aziz SG, Jaghi N. EMT, cancer stem cells and autophagy; The three main axes of metastasis. Biomed Pharmacother. 2021;133:110909. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110909
Lamouille S, Xu J, Derynck R. Molecular mechanisms of epithelial–mesenchymal transition. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2014;15(3):178–96. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrm3758
Ye X, Weinberg RA. Epithelial‐Mesenchymal plasticity: a central regulator of cancer progression. Trends Cell Biol. 2015;25(11):675–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tcb.2015.07.012
Pastushenko I, Blanpain C. EMT transition states during tumor progression and metastasis. Trends Cell Biol. 2019;29(3):212–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tcb.2018.12.001
Mowers EE, Sharifi MN, Macleod KF. Autophagy in cancer metastasis. Oncogene. 2017;36(12):1619–30. https://doi.org/10.1038/onc.2016.333
Mathew R, Karantza‐Wadsworth V, White E. Role of autophagy in cancer. Nat Rev Cancer. 2007;7(12):961–7. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrc2254
Marsh T, Debnath J. Autophagy suppresses breast cancer metastasis by degrading NBR1. Autophagy. 2020;16(6):1164–5. https://doi.org/10.1080/15548627.2020.1753001
LI S, LI Q. Cancer stem cells and tumor metastasis. Int J Oncol. 2014;44(6):1806–12. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2014.2362
Kristensen LS, Andersen MS, Stagsted LVW, Ebbesen KK, Hansen TB, Kjems J. The biogenesis, biology and characterization of circular RNAs. Nat Rev Genet. 2019;20(11):675–91. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41576-019-0158-7
Sanger HL, Klotz G, Riesner D, Gross HJ, Kleinschmidt AK. Viroids are single‐stranded covalently closed circular RNA molecules existing as highly base‐paired rod‐like structures. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 1976;73(11):3852–6. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.73.11.3852
Cocquerelle C, Mascrez B, Hétuin D, Bailleul B. Mis‐splicing yields circular RNA molecules. FASEB J. 1993;7(1):155–60. https://doi.org/10.1096/fasebj.7.1.7678559
Salzman J, Chen RE, Olsen MN, Wang PL, Brown PO. Cell‐type specific features of circular RNA expression. PLoS Genet. 2013;9(9):e1003777. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1003777
Jeck WR, Sorrentino JA, Wang K, Slevin MK, Burd CE, Liu J, et al. Circular RNAs are abundant, conserved, and associated with ALU repeats. RNA. 2013;19(2):141–57. https://doi.org/10.1261/rna.035667.11
Wang PL, Bao Y, Yee M‐C, Barrett SP, Hogan GJ, Olsen MN, et al. Circular RNA is expressed across the eukaryotic tree of life. PLoS One. 2014;9(3):e90859. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0090859
Ivanov A, Memczak S, Wyler E, Torti F, Porath HT, Orejuela MR, et al. Analysis of intron sequences reveals hallmarks of circular RNA biogenesis in animals. Cell Rep. 2015;10(2):170–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2014.12.019
Goodall GJ, Wickramasinghe VO. RNA in cancer. Nat Rev Cancer. 2021;21(1):22–36. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41568-020-00306-0
Wang Y, Mo Y, Gong Z, Yang X, Yang M, Zhang S, et al. Circular RNAs in human cancer. Mol Cancer. 2017;16(1):25. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12943-017-0598-7
Qu S, Liu Z, Yang X, Zhou J, Yu H, Zhang R, et al. The emerging functions and roles of circular RNAs in cancer. Cancer Lett. 2018;414:301–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.canlet.2017.11.022
Bach D‐H, Lee SK, Sood AK. Circular RNAs in cancer. Mol Ther Nucleic Acids. 2019;16:118–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.omtn.2019.02.005
Zhang J, Hu H, Zhao Y, Zhao Y. CDR1as is overexpressed in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma to promote the tumour's progression via miR‐7 signals. Cell Prolif. 2018;51(6):e12521. https://doi.org/10.1111/cpr.12521
Dou Z, Gao L, Ren W, Zhang H, Wang X, Li S, et al. CiRS‐7 functions as a ceRNA of RAF‐1/PIK3CD to promote metastatic progression of oral squamous cell carcinoma via MAPK/AKT signaling pathways. Exp Cell Res. 2020;396(2):112290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yexcr.2020.112290
Gao W, Guo H, Niu M, Zheng X, Zhang Y, Xue X, et al. circPARD3 drives malignant progression and chemoresistance of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma by inhibiting autophagy through the PRKCI‐Akt‐mTOR pathway. Mol Cancer. 2020;19(1):166. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12943-020-01279-2
Xia B, Hong T, He X, Hu X, Gao Y. A circular RNA derived from MMP9 facilitates oral squamous cell carcinoma metastasis through regulation of MMP9 mRNA stability. Cell Transplant. 2019;28(12):1614–23. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963689719875409
Ke Z, Xie F, Zheng C, Chen D. CircHIPK3 promotes proliferation and invasion in nasopharyngeal carcinoma by abrogating miR‐4288‐induced ELF3 inhibition. J Cell Physiol. 2019;234(2):1699–706. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcp.27041
Hong X, Liu N, Liang Y, He Q, Yang X, Lei Y, et al. Circular RNA CRIM1 functions as a ceRNA to promote nasopharyngeal carcinoma metastasis and docetaxel chemoresistance through upregulating FOXQ1. Mol Cancer. 2020;19(1):33. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12943-020-01149-x
Zhang W, Liu T, Li T, Zhao X. Hsa_circRNA_102002 facilitates metastasis of papillary thyroid cancer through regulating miR‐488‐3p/HAS2 axis. Cancer Gene Ther. 2020;28(3–4):279–93. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41417-020-00218-z
Li W, Lu H, Wang H, Ning X, Liu Q, Zhang H, et al. Circular RNA TGFBR2 acts as a ceRNA to suppress nasopharyngeal carcinoma progression by sponging miR‐107. Cancer Lett. 2021;499:301–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.canlet.2020.11.001
Peng Q‐S, Cheng Y‐N, Zhang W‐B, Fan H, Mao Q‐H, Xu P. circRNA_0000140 suppresses oral squamous cell carcinoma growth and metastasis by targeting miR‐31 to inhibit Hippo signaling pathway. Cell Death Dis. 2020;11(2):112. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41419-020-2273-y
Johnson DE, Burtness B, Leemans CR, Lui VWY, Bauman JE, Grandis JR. Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2020;6(1):92. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41572-020-00224-3
Mody MD, Rocco JW, Yom SS, Haddad RI, Saba NF. Head and neck cancer. Lancet. 2021;398(10318):2289–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01550-6
Bossi P, Miceli R, Locati LD, Ferrari D, Vecchio S, Moretti G, et al. A randomized, phase 2 study of cetuximab plus cisplatin with or without paclitaxel for the first‐line treatment of patients with recurrent and/or metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Ann Oncol. 2017;28(11):2820–6. https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdx439
Chow LQM. Head and neck cancer. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(1):60–72. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra1715715
Chen Y‐P, Chan ATC, Le Q‐T, Blanchard P, Sun Y, Ma J. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Lancet. 2019;394(10192):64–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)30956-0
Tang L‐L, Chen W‐Q, Xue W‐Q, He Y‐Q, Zheng R‐S, Zeng Y‐X, et al. Global trends in incidence and mortality of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Cancer Lett. 2016;374(1):22–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.canlet.2016.01.040
Lai S‐Z, Li W‐F, Chen L, Luo W, Chen Y‐Y, Liu L‐Z, et al. How does intensity‐modulated radiotherapy versus conventional two‐dimensional radiotherapy influence the treatment results in nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients? Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2011;80(3):661–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrobp.2010.03.024
Lee AWM, Ma BBY, Ng WT, Chan ATC. Management of nasopharyngeal carcinoma: current practice and future perspective. J Clin Oncol. 2015;33(29):3356–64. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2015.60.9347
Razak ARA, Siu LL, Liu F‐F, Ito E, O'Sullivan B, Chan K. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma: the next challenges. Eur J Cancer. 2010;46(11):1967–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2010.04.004
Mao Y‐P, Tang L‐L, Chen L, Sun Y, Qi Z‐Y, Zhou G‐Q, et al. Prognostic factors and failure patterns in non‐metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma after intensity‐modulated radiotherapy. Chin J Cancer. 2016;35(1):103. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40880-016-0167-2
Zeng L, Tian Y‐M, Huang Y, Sun X‐M, Wang F‐H, Deng X‐W, et al. Retrospective analysis of 234 nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients with distant metastasis at initial diagnosis: therapeutic approaches and prognostic factors. PLoS One. 2014;9(9):e108070. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0108070
Shen LJ, Wang SY, Xie GF, Zeng Q, Chen C, Dong AN, et al. Subdivision of M category for nasopharyngeal carcinoma with synchronous metastasis: time to expand the M categorization system. Chin J Cancer. 2015;34(10):450–8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40880-015-0031-9
Pan CC, Lu J, Chen P, Li X, Jin YD, Zhao M, et al. Evaluation of the prognostic significance of refinement and stratification of distant metastasis status in 1016 cases of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Zhonghua Zhong Liu Za Zhi. 2013;35(8):595–9.
Cabanillas ME, McFadden DG, Durante C. Thyroid cancer. Lancet. 2016;388(10061):2783–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30172-6
Schlumberger M, Leboulleux S. Current practice in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2021;17(3):176–88. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41574-020-00448-z
Lundgren CI, Hall P, Dickman PW, Zedenius J. Clinically significant prognostic factors for differentiated thyroid carcinoma: a population‐based, nested case‐control study. Cancer. 2006;106(3):524–31. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.21653
Sancho JJ, Lennard TWJ, Paunovic I, Triponez F, Sitges‐Serra A. Prophylactic central neck disection in papillary thyroid cancer: a consensus report of the European Society of Endocrine Surgeonsendocrine surgeons (ESES). Langenbecks Arch Surg. 2014;399(2):155–63. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00423-013-1152-8
Ito Y, Kudo T, Kobayashi K, Miya A, Ichihara K, Miyauchi A. Prognostic factors for recurrence of papillary thyroid carcinoma in the lymph nodes, lung, and bone: analysis of 5768 patients with average 10‐year follow‐up. World J Surg. 2012;36(6):1274–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00268-012-1423-5
Cordioli MICV, Moraes L, Cury AN, Cerutti JM. Are we really at the dawn of understanding sporadic pediatric thyroid carcinoma? Endocr Relat Cancer. 2015;22(6):R311–24. https://doi.org/10.1530/ERC-15-0381
Alzahrani AS, Alkhafaji D, Tuli M, Al‐Hindi H, Sadiq BB. Comparison of differentiated thyroid cancer in children and adolescents (≤20 years) with young adults. Clin Endocrinol. 2016;84(4):571–7. https://doi.org/10.1111/cen.12845
Ge M‐H, Cao J, Wang J‐Y, Huang Y‐Q, Lan X‐B, Yu B, et al. Nomograms predicting disease‐specific regional recurrence and distant recurrence of papillary thyroid carcinoma following partial or total thyroidectomy. Medicine. 2017;96(30):e7575. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000007575
Black DL. Mechanisms of alternative pre‐messenger RNA splicing. Annu Rev Biochem. 2003;72:291–336. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biochem.72.121801.161720
Nilsen TW, Graveley BR. Expansion of the eukaryotic proteome by alternative splicing. Nature. 2010;463(7280):457–63. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature08909
Chen L‐L. The expanding regulatory mechanisms and cellular functions of circular RNAs. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2020;21(8):475–90. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41580-020-0243-y
Guarnerio J, Bezzi M, Jeong JC, Paffenholz SV, Berry K, Naldini MM, et al. Oncogenic role of fusion‐circRNAs derived from cancer‐associated chromosomal translocations. Cell. 2016;165(2):289–302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2016.03.020
Enuka Y, Lauriola M, Feldman ME, Sas‐Chen A, Ulitsky I, Yarden Y. Circular RNAs are long‐lived and display only minimal early alterations in response to a growth factor. Nucleic Acids Res. 2015;44(3):1370–83. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkv1367
Memczak S, Jens M, Elefsinioti A, Torti F, Krueger J, Rybak A, et al. Circular RNAs are a large class of animal RNAs with regulatory potency. Nature. 2013;495(7441):333–8. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11928
Park OH, Ha H, Lee Y, Boo SH, Kwon DH, Song HK, et al. Endoribonucleolytic cleavage of m6A‐containing RNAs by RNase P/MRP complex. Mol Cell. 2019;74(3):494–507.e8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcel.2019.02.034
Liu C‐X, Li X, Nan F, Jiang S, Gao X, Guo S‐K, et al. Structure and degradation of circular RNAs regulate PKR activation in innate immunity. Cell. 2019;177(4):865–80.e21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2019.03.046
Rybak‐Wolf A, Stottmeister C, Glažar P, Jens M, Pino N, Giusti S, et al. Circular RNAs in the mammalian brain are highly abundant, conserved, and dynamically expressed. Mol Cell. 2015;58(5):870–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcel.2015.03.027
Dong R, Ma X‐K, Chen L‐L, Yang L. Increased complexity of circRNA expression during species evolution. RNA Biol. 2017;14(8):1064–74. https://doi.org/10.1080/15476286.2016.1269999
Nicolet BP, Engels S, Aglialoro F, van den Akker E, von Lindern M, Wolkers MC. Circular RNA expression in human hematopoietic cells is widespread and cell‐type specific. Nucleic Acids Res. 2018;46(16):8168–80. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gky721
Xu T, Wu J, Han P, Zhao Z, Song X. Circular RNA expression profiles and features in human tissues: a study using RNA‐seq data. BMC Genomics. 2017;18(suppl 6):680. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12864-017-4029-3
You X, Vlatkovic I, Babic A, Will T, Epstein I, Tushev G, et al. Neural circular RNAs are derived from synaptic genes and regulated by development and plasticity. Nature Neurosci. 2015;18(4):603–10. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.3975
Huang C, Liang D, Tatomer DC, Wilusz JE. A length‐dependent evolutionarily conserved pathway controls nuclear export of circular RNAs. Genes Dev. 2018;32(9–10):639–44. https://doi.org/10.1101/gad.314856.118
Salmena L, Poliseno L, Tay Y, Kats L, Pandolfi PP. A ceRNA hypothesis: the Rosetta stone of a hidden RNA language? Cell. 2011;146(3):353–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2011.07.014
Poliseno L, Salmena L, Zhang J, Carver B, Haveman WJ, Pandolfi PP. A coding‐independent function of gene and pseudogene mRNAs regulates tumour biology. Nature. 2010;465(7301):1033–8. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature09144
Hansen TB, Jensen TI, Clausen BH, Bramsen JB, Finsen B, Damgaard CK, et al. Natural RNA circles function as efficient microRNA sponges. Nature. 2013;495(7441):384–8. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11993
Abdelmohsen K, Panda AC, Munk R, Grammatikakis I, Dudekula DB, De S, et al. Identification of HuR target circular RNAs uncovers suppression of PABPN1 translation by CircPABPN1. RNA Biol. 2017;14(3):361–9. https://doi.org/10.1080/15476286.2017.1279788
Du WW, Yang W, Liu E, Yang Z, Dhaliwal P, Yang BB. Foxo3 circular RNA retards cell cycle progression via forming ternary complexes with p21 and CDK2. Nucleic Acids Res. 2016;44(6):2846–58. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkw027
Holdt LM, Stahringer A, Sass K, Pichler G, Kulak NA, Wilfert W, et al. Circular non‐coding RNA ANRIL modulates ribosomal RNA maturation and atherosclerosis in humans. Nat Commun. 2016;7:12429. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms12429
Pamudurti NR, Bartok O, Jens M, Ashwal‐Fluss R, Stottmeister C, Ruhe L, et al. Translation of CircRNAs. Mol Cell. 2017;66(1):9–21.e7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcel.2017.02.021
Yang Y, Fan X, Mao M, Song X, Wu P, Zhang Y, et al. Extensive translation of circular RNAs driven by N6‐methyladenosine. Cell Res. 2017;27(5):626–41. https://doi.org/10.1038/cr.2017.31
Legnini I, Di Timoteo G, Rossi F, Morlando M, Briganti F, Sthandier O, et al. Circ‐ZNF609 is a circular RNA that can be translated and functions in myogenesis. Mol Cell. 2017;66(1):22–37.e9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcel.2017.02.017
Zhang M, Huang N, Yang X, Luo J, Yan S, Xiao F, et al. A novel protein encoded by the circular form of the SHPRH gene suppresses glioma tumorigenesis. Oncogene. 2018;37(13):1805–14. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41388-017-0019-9
Prats A‐C, David F, Diallo LH, Roussel E, Tatin F, Garmy‐Susini B, et al. Circular RNA, the key for translation. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(22):8591. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21228591
Dong R, Zhang X‐O, Zhang Y, Ma X‐K, Chen L‐L, Yang L. CircRNA‐derived pseudogenes. Cell Res. 2016;26(6):747–50. https://doi.org/10.1038/cr.2016.42
Li Z, Huang C, Bao C, Chen L, Lin M, Wang X, et al. Exon‐intron circular RNAs regulate transcription in the nucleus. Nat Struct Mol Biol. 2015;22(3):256–64. https://doi.org/10.1038/nsmb.2959
Conn VM, Hugouvieux V, Nayak A, Conos SA, Capovilla G, Cildir G, et al. A circRNA from SEPALLATA3 regulates splicing of its cognate mRNA through R‐loop formation. Nature plants. 2017;3:17053. https://doi.org/10.1038/nplants.2017.53
Liu Y, Su H, Zhang J, Liu Y, Feng C, Han F. Back‐spliced RNA from retrotransposon binds to centromere and regulates centromeric chromatin loops in maize. PLoS Biol. 2020;18(1):e3000582. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3000582
Hansen TB, Wiklund ED, Bramsen JB, Villadsen SB, Statham AL, Clark SJ, et al. miRNA‐dependent gene silencing involving Ago2‐mediated cleavage of a circular antisense RNA. EMBO J. 2011;30(21):4414–22. https://doi.org/10.1038/emboj.2011.359
Su C, Han Y, Zhang H, Li Y, Yi L, Wang X, et al. CiRS‐7 targeting miR‐7 modulates the progression of non‐small cell lung cancer in a manner dependent on NF‐κB signalling. J Cell Mol Med. 2018;22(6):3097–107. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcmm.13587
Li R, Ke S, Meng F, Lu J, Zou X, He Z, et al. CiRS‐7 promotes growth and metastasis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma via regulation of miR‐7/HOXB13. Cell Death Dis. 2018;9(8):838. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41419-018-0852-y
Zhang F, Xu Y, Ye W, Jiang J, Wu C. Circular RNA S‐7 promotes ovarian cancer EMT via sponging miR‐641 to up‐regulate ZEB1 and MDM2. Biosci Rep. 2020;40(7):BSR20200825. https://doi.org/10.1042/BSR20200825
Ichimura Y, Kominami E, Tanaka K, Komatsu M. Selective turnover of p62/A170/SQSTM1 by autophagy. Autophagy. 2008;4(8):1063–6. https://doi.org/10.4161/auto.6826
Murphy G, Nagase H. Progress in matrix metalloproteinase research. Mol Aspects Med. 2008;29(5):290–308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mam.2008.05.002
Gonzalez‐Avila G, Sommer B, Mendoza‐Posada DA, Ramos C, Garcia‐Hernandez AA, Falfan‐Valencia R. Matrix metalloproteinases participation in the metastatic process and their diagnostic and therapeutic applications in cancer. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2019;137:57–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.critrevonc.2019.02.010
Luukkaa M, Vihinen P, Kronqvist P, Vahlberg T, Pyrhönen S, Kähäri VM, et al. Association between high collagenase‐3 expression levels and poor prognosis in patients with head and neck cancer. Head Neck. 2006;28(3):225–34. https://doi.org/10.1002/hed.20322
Patel BP, Shah SV, Shukla SN, Shah PM, Patel PS. Clinical significance of MMP‐2 and MMP‐9 in patients with oral cancer. Head Neck. 2007;29(6):564–72. https://doi.org/10.1002/hed.20561
Virós D, Camacho M, Zarraonandia I, García J, Quer M, Vila L, et al. Prognostic role of MMP‐9 expression in head and neck carcinoma patients treated with radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy. Oral Oncol. 2013;49(4):322–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oraloncology.2012.10.005
Inaba H, Sugita H, Kuboniwa M, Iwai S, Hamada M, Noda T, et al. Porphyromonas gingivalis promotes invasion of oral squamous cell carcinoma through induction of proMMP9 and its activation. Cell Microbiol. 2014;16(1):131–45. https://doi.org/10.1111/cmi.12211
White EJF, Matsangos AE, Wilson GM. AUF1 regulation of coding and noncoding RNA: AUF1 regulation of coding and noncoding RNA. Wiley Interdiscip Rev: RNA. 2016;8(2):e1393. https://doi.org/10.1002/wrna.1393
Zhang Y, Liu Q, Liao Q. CircHIPK3: a promising cancer‐related circular RNA. Am J Transl Res. 2020;12(10):6694–704.
Liang D, Wilusz JE. Short intronic repeat sequences facilitate circular RNA production. Genes Dev. 2014;28(20):2233–47. https://doi.org/10.1101/gad.251926.114
Wang J, Zhao SY, Ouyang SS, Huang ZK, Luo Q, Liao L. Circular RNA circHIPK3 acts as the sponge of microRNA‐124 to promote human oral squamous cell carcinoma cells proliferation. Zhonghua Kou Qiang Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2018;53(8):546–51. https://doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.issn.1002-0098.2018.08.009
Wang J‐L, Chen Z‐F, Chen H‐M, Wang M‐Y, Kong X, Wang Y‐C, et al. Elf3 drives β‐catenin transactivation and associates with poor prognosis in colorectal cancer. Cell Death Dis. 2014;5(5):1263. https://doi.org/10.1038/cddis.2014.206
Gajulapalli VNR, Samanthapudi VSK, Pulaganti M, Khumukcham SS, Malisetty VL, Guruprasad L, et al. A transcriptional repressive role for epithelial‐specific ETS factor ELF3 on oestrogen receptor alpha in breast cancer cells. Biochem J. 2016;473(8):1047–61. https://doi.org/10.1042/BCJ20160019
Wang H, Yu Z, Huo S, Chen Z, Ou Z, Mai J, et al. Overexpression of ELF3 facilitates cell growth and metastasis through PI3K/Akt and ERK signaling pathways in non‐small cell lung cancer. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2018;94:98–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocel.2017.12.002
Wang L, Liang Y, Mao Q, Xia W, Chen B, Shen H, et al. Circular RNA circCRIM1 inhibits invasion and metastasis in lung adenocarcinoma through the microRNA (miR)‐182/miR‐93‐leukemia inhibitory factor receptor pathway. Cancer Sci. 2019;110(9):2960–72. https://doi.org/10.1111/cas.14131
Zhang S‐J, Ma J, Wu J‐C, Hao Z‐Z, Zhang Y‐A, Zhang Y‐J. Circular RNA circCRIM1 suppresses lung adenocarcinoma cell migration, invasion, EMT, and glycolysis through regulating miR‐125b‐5p/BTG2 axis. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2020;24(7):3761–74. https://doi.org/10.26355/eurrev_202004_20841
Liu J, Feng G, Li Z, Li R, Xia P. Knockdown of CircCRIM1 inhibits HDAC4 to impede osteosarcoma proliferation, migration, and invasion and facilitate autophagy by targeting miR‐432‐5p. Cancer Manag Res. 2020;12:10199–210. https://doi.org/10.2147/CMAR.S253130
Qiao Y, Jiang X, Lee ST, Karuturi RKM, Hooi SC, Yu Q. FOXQ1 regulates epithelial‐mesenchymal transition in human cancers. Cancer Res. 2011;71(8):3076–86. https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-10-2787
Peng N, Shi L, Zhang Q, Hu Y, Wang N, Ye H. Microarray profiling of circular RNAs in human papillary thyroid carcinoma. PLoS One. 2017;12(3):e0170287. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0170287
Preca B‐T, Bajdak K, Mock K, Lehmann W, Sundararajan V, Bronsert P, et al. A novel ZEB1/HAS2 positive feedback loop promotes EMT in breast cancer. Oncotarget. 2017;8(7):11530–43. https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.14563
Kucuksayan H, Akgun S, Ozes ON, Alikanoglu AS, Yildiz M, Dal E, et al. TGF‐β‐SMAD‐miR‐520e axis regulates NSCLC metastasis through a TGFBR2‐mediated negative‐feedback loop. Carcinogenesis. 2019;40(5):695–705. https://doi.org/10.1093/carcin/bgy166
Sakai E, Nakayama M, Oshima H, Kouyama Y, Niida A, Fujii S, et al. Combined mutation of Apc, Kras, and Tgfbr2 effectively drives metastasis of intestinal cancer. Cancer Res. 2018;78(5):1334–46. https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-17-3303
Zhou B, Guo W, Sun C, Zhang B, Zheng F. Linc00462 promotes pancreatic cancer invasiveness through the miR‐665/TGFBR1‐TGFBR2/SMAD2/3 pathway. Cell Death Dis. 2018;9(6):706. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41419-018-0724-5
Lyu X, Fang W, Cai L, Zheng H, Ye Y, Zhang L, et al. TGFβR2 is a major target of miR‐93 in nasopharyngeal carcinoma aggressiveness. Mol Cancer. 2014;13:51. https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-4598-13-51
Ou R, Lv J, Zhang Q, Lin F, Zhu L, Huang F, et al. circAMOTL1 motivates AMOTL1 expression to facilitate cervical cancer growth. Mol Ther Nucleic Acids. 2020;19:50–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.omtn.2019.09.022
Su H, Tao T, Yang Z, Kang X, Zhang X, Kang D, et al. Circular RNA cTFRC acts as the sponge of MicroRNA‐107 to promote bladder carcinoma progression. Mol Cancer. 2019;18(1):27. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12943-019-0951-0
Zhou J, Zhang S, Chen Z, He Z, Xu Y, Li Z. CircRNA‐ENO1 promoted glycolysis and tumor progression in lung adenocarcinoma through upregulating its host gene ENO1. Cell Death Dis. 2019;10(12):885. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41419-019-2127-7
Furth N, Aylon Y. The LATS1 and LATS2 tumor suppressors: beyond the Hippo pathway. Cell Death Differ. 2017;24(9):1488–1501. https://doi.org/10.1038/cdd.2017.99
Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A. Cancer statistics 2017. CA Cancer J Clin. 2017;67(1):7–30. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21387
Fan H, Jiang J, Tang Y, Liang X, Tang Y. CircRNAs: a new chapter in oral squamous cell carcinoma biology. Onco Targets Ther. 2020;13:9071–83. https://doi.org/10.2147/OTT.S263655
Li X, Zhang H, Wang Y, Sun S, Shen Y, Yang H. Silencing circular RNA hsa_circ_0004491 promotes metastasis of oral squamous cell carcinoma. Life Sci. 2019;239:116883. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2019.116883
Gao L, Wang Q‐B, Zhi Y, Ren W‐H, Li S‐M, Zhao C‐Y, et al. Down‐regulation of hsa_circ_0092125 is related to the occurrence and development of oral squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2020;49(3):292–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijom.2019.07.014
Li L, Zhang Z‐T. Hsa_circ_0086414 might be a diagnostic biomarker of oral squamous cell carcinoma. Med Sci Monit. 2020;26:e919383. https://doi.org/10.12659/MSM.919383
Su W, Wang Y, Wang F, Zhang B, Zhang H, Shen Y, et al. Circular RNA hsa_circ_0007059 indicates prognosis and influences malignant behavior via AKT/mTOR in oral squamous cell carcinoma. J Cell Physiol. 2019;234(9):15156–66. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcp.28156
Su W, Sun S, Wang F, Shen Y, Yang H. Circular RNA hsa_circ_0055538 regulates the malignant biological behavior of oral squamous cell carcinoma through the p53/Bcl‐2/caspase signaling pathway. J Transl Med. 2019;17(1):76. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12967-019-1830-6
Su W, Wang Y, Wang F, Sun S, Li M, Shen Y, et al. Hsa_circ_0005379 regulates malignant behavior of oral squamous cell carcinoma through the EGFR pathway. BMC Cancer. 2019;19(1):400. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-019-5593-5
Su W, Wang Y‐F, Wang F, Yang H‐J, Yang H‐Y. Effect of circular RNA hsa_circ_0002203 on the proliferation, migration, invasion, and apoptosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma cells. Hua Xi Kou Qiang Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2019;37(5):509–15. https://doi.org/10.7518/hxkq.2019.05.011
Wang F, Wang YF, Su W, Yang HJ, Yang HY. Effect of circular RNA hsa_circ_0063772 on proliferation, migration and invasion of oral squamous cell carcinoma cells. Zhonghua Kou Qiang Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2019;54(8):561–7. https://doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.issn.1002-0098.2019.08.011
Deng W, Peng W, Wang T, Chen J, Qiu X, Fu L, et al. Microarray profile of circular RNAs identifies hsa_circRNA_102459 and hsa_circRNA_043621 as important regulators in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Oncol Rep. 2019;42(6):2738–49. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2019.7369
Torre LA, Bray F, Siegel RL, Ferlay J, Lortet‐Tieulent J, Jemal A. Global cancer statistics, 2012. CA Cancer J Clin. 2015;65(2):87–108. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21262
Xu H, Qian M, Zhao B, Wu C, Maskey N, Song H, et al. Inhibition of RAB1A suppresses epithelial‐mesenchymal transition and proliferation of triple‐negative breast cancer cells. Oncol Rep. 2017;37(3):1619–26. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2017.5404
Shao B, He L. Hsa_circ_0001742 promotes tongue squamous cell carcinoma progression via modulating miR‐634 expression. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2019;513(1):135–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.03.122
Zhou HX, Wang LY, Chen S, Wang DD, Fang Z. Effect of circular RNA hsa_circ_0008898 on oral squamous cell carcinoma and its mechanism. Zhonghua Kou Qiang Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2020;55(8):578–85. https://doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.cn112144-20200109-00006
Hu Y‐T, Li X‐X, Zeng L‐W. Circ_0001742 promotes tongue squamous cell carcinoma progression via miR‐431‐5p/ATF3 axis. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2019;23(23):10300–12. https://doi.org/10.26355/eurrev_201912_19668
Zhang C, Yao Y, Bi L. Hsa_circ_0002162 has a critical role in malignant progression of tongue squamous cell carcinoma through targeting miR‐33a‐5p. Braz J Med Biol Res. 2021;54(5):e10093. https://doi.org/10.1590/1414-431X202010093
Gao L, Zhao C, Li S, Dou Z, Wang Q, Liu J, et al. circ‐PKD2 inhibits carcinogenesis via the miR‐204‐3p/APC2 axis in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Mol Carcinog. 2019;58(10):1783–94. https://doi.org/10.1002/mc.23065
Zhu X, Shao P, Tang Y, Shu M, Hu W‐W, Zhang Y. hsa_circRNA_100533 regulates GNAS by sponging hsa_miR_933 to prevent oral squamous cell carcinoma. JCB. 2019;120(11):19159–71. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcb.29245
van Weelden G, Bobiński M, Okła K, van Weelden WJ, Romano A, Pijnenborg JMA. Fucoidan structure and activity in relation to anti‐cancer mechanisms. Mar Drugs. 2019;17(1):32. https://doi.org/10.3390/md17010032
Zhang N, Gao L, Ren W, Li S, Zhang D, Song X, et al. Fucoidan affects oral squamous cell carcinoma cell functions in vitro by regulating FLNA‐derived circular RNA. Ann NY Acad Sci. 2020;1462(1):65–78. https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.14190
Kalluri R. The biology and function of exosomes in cancer. J Clin Invest. 2016;126(4):1208–15. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI81135
Luo Y, Liu F, Guo J, Gui R. Upregulation of circ_0000199 in circulating exosomes is associated with survival outcome in OSCC. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):13739. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-70747-y
Shuai M, Hong J, Huang D, Zhang X, Tian Y. Upregulation of circRNA_0000285 serves as a prognostic biomarker for nasopharyngeal carcinoma and is involved in radiosensitivity. Oncol Lett. 2018;16(5):6495–501. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2018.9471
Shuai M, Huang L. High expression of hsa_circRNA_001387 in nasopharyngeal carcinoma and the effect on efficacy of radiotherapy. Onco Targets Ther. 2020;13:3965–73. https://doi.org/10.2147/OTT.S249202
Liu Q, Shuai M, Xia Y. Knockdown of EBV‐encoded circRNA circRPMS1 suppresses nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell proliferation and metastasis through sponging multiple miRNAs. Cancer Manag Res. 2019;11:8023–31. https://doi.org/10.2147/CMAR.S218967
Wei H, Liu D, Sun J, Mao Y, Zhao L, Zhu W, et al. Circular RNA circ_0008450 upregulates CXCL9 expression by targeting miR‐577 to regulate cell proliferation and invasion in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Exp Mol Pathol. 2019;110:104288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yexmp.2019.104288
Liu HS, Zheng RN, Guo LB, Fu XJ. Circular RNA circ_0000615 knockdown suppresses the development of nasopharyngeal cancer through regulating the miR‐338‐3p/FGF2 axis. Neoplasma. 2020;67(5):1032–41. https://doi.org/10.4149/neo_2020_191019N1061
Li H, You J, Xue H, Tan X, Chao C. CircCTDP1 promotes nasopharyngeal carcinoma progression via a microRNA-320b/HOXA10/TGFβ2 pathway. Int J Mol Med. 2020;45(3):836–46. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2020.4467
Wei Z, Chang K, Fan C. Hsa_circ_0042666 inhibits proliferation and invasion via regulating miR‐223/TGFBR3 axis in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Biomed Pharmacother. 2019;119:109365. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109365
Wu Y, Zhang Y, Zheng X, Dai F, Lu Y, Dai L, et al. Circular RNA circCORO1C promotes laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma progression by modulating the let‐7c‐5p/PBX3 axis. Mol Cancer. 2020;19(1):99. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12943-020-01215-4.
Lamprecht S, Kaller M, Schmidt EM, Blaj C, Schiergens TS, Engel J, et al. PBX3 is part of an EMT regulatory network and indicates poor outcome in colorectal cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2018;24(8):1974–86. https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-17-2572
Chen X, Su X, Zhu C, Zhou J. Knockdown of hsa_circ_0023028 inhibits cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in laryngeal cancer by sponging miR‐194‐5p. Biosci Rep. 2019;39(6):BSR20190177. https://doi.org/10.1042/BSR20190177
Fu D, Huang Y, Gao M. Hsa_circ_0057481 promotes laryngeal cancer proliferation and migration by modulating the miR‐200c/ZEB1 axis. Int J Clin Exp Pathol. 2019;12(11):4066–76.
Tian L, Cao J, Jiao H, Zhang J, Ren X, Liu X, et al. CircRASSF2 promotes laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma progression by regulating the miR‐302b‐3p/IGF‐1R axis. Clin Sci (Lond). 2019;133(9):1053–66. https://doi.org/10.1042/CS20190110
Yi X, Chen W, Li C, Chen X, Lin Q, Lin S, et al. CircularRNAcirc_0004507 contributes to laryngeal cancer progression and cisplatin resistance by spongingmiR‐873 to upregulate multidrug resistance 1 and multidrug resistance protein 1. Head Neck. 2020;43:928–41. https://doi.org/10.1002/hed.26549.
Chen Y, Wang Y, Li C, Li X, Yuan T, Yang S, et al. The circRNA‐MYLK plays oncogenic roles in the Hep‐2 cell line by sponging microRNA‐145‐5p. Gen Physiol Biophys. 2020;39(3):229–37. https://doi.org/10.4149/gpb_2019060
Lan X, Cao J, Xu J, Chen C, Zheng C, Wang J, et al. Decreased expression of hsa_circ_0137287 predicts aggressive clinicopathologic characteristics in papillary thyroid carcinoma. J Clin Lab Anal. 2018;32(8):e22573. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcla.22573
Wang M, Chen B, Ru Z, Cong L. CircRNA circ‐ITCH suppresses papillary thyroid cancer progression through miR‐22‐3p/CBL/β‐catenin pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2018;504(1):283–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.08.175
Chu J, Tao L, Yao T, Chen Z, Lu X, Gao L, et al. Circular RNA circRUNX1 promotes papillary thyroid cancer progression and metastasis by sponging MiR‐296‐3p and regulating DDHD2 expression. Cell Death Dis. 2021;12(1):112. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41419-020-03350-8
Yao Y, Chen X, Yang H, Chen W, Qian Y, Yan Z, et al. Hsa_circ_0058124 promotes papillary thyroid cancer tumorigenesis and invasiveness through the NOTCH3/GATAD2A axis. J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 2019;38(1):318. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13046-019-1321-x
Liu J, Zheng X, Liu H. Hsa_circ_0102272 serves as a prognostic biomarker and regulates proliferation, migration and apoptosis in thyroid cancer. J Gene Med. 2020;22(9):e3209. https://doi.org/10.1002/jgm.3209
Zhang H, Ma X‐P, Li X, Deng F‐S. Circular RNA circ_0067934 exhaustion expedites cell apoptosis and represses cell proliferation, migration and invasion in thyroid cancer via sponging miR‐1304 and regulating CXCR1 expression. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2019;23(24):10851–66. https://doi.org/10.26355/eurrev_201912_19789
Wang H, Yan X, Zhang H, Zhan X. CircRNA circ_0067934 overexpression correlates with poor prognosis and promotes thyroid carcinoma progression. Med Sci Monit. 2019;25:1342–9. https://doi.org/10.12659/MSM.913463
Yang Y, Ding L, Li Y, Xuan C. Hsa_circ_0039411 promotes tumorigenesis and progression of papillary thyroid cancer by miR‐1179/ABCA9 and miR‐1205/MTA1 signaling pathways. J Cell Physiol. 2020;235(2):1321–9. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcp.29048
Zhang W, Zhang H, Zhao X. circ_0005273 promotes thyroid carcinoma progression by SOX2 expression. Endocr Relat Cancer. 2020;27(1):11–21. https://doi.org/10.1530/ERC-19-0381
Pan Y, Xu T, Liu Y, Li W, Zhang W. Upregulated circular RNA circ_0025033 promotes papillary thyroid cancer cell proliferation and invasion via sponging miR‐1231 and miR‐1304. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2019;510(2):334–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.01.108
Jin X, Wang Z, Pang W, Zhou J, Liang Y, Yang J, et al. Upregulated hsa_circ_0004458 contributes to progression of papillary thyroid carcinoma by inhibition of miR‐885‐5p and activation of RAC1. Med Sci Monit. 2018;24:5488–500. https://doi.org/10.12659/MSM.911095
Li Z, Huang X, Liu A, Xu J, Lai J, Guan H, et al. Circ_PSD3 promotes the progression of papillary thyroid carcinoma via the miR‐637/HEMGN axis. Life Sci. 2021;264:118622. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118622
Zhou G‐K, Zhang G‐Y, Yuan Z‐N, Pei R, Liu D‐M. Has_circ_0008274 promotes cell proliferation and invasion involving AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway in papillary thyroid carcinoma. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2018;22(24):8772–80. https://doi.org/10.26355/eurrev_201812_16644
Wei H, Pan L, Tao D, Li R. Circular RNA circZFR contributes to papillary thyroid cancer cell proliferation and invasion by sponging miR‐1261 and facilitating C8orf4 expression. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2018;503(1):56–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.05.174
Chen F, Feng Z, Zhu J, Liu P, Yang C, Huang R, et al. Emerging roles of circRNA_NEK6 targeting miR‐370‐3p in the proliferation and invasion of thyroid cancer via Wnt signaling pathway. Cancer Biol Ther. 2018;19(12):1139–52. https://doi.org/10.1080/15384047.2018.1480888
Peinado H, Olmeda D, Cano A. Snail, Zeb and bHLH factors in tumour progression: an alliance against the epithelial phenotype? Nat Rev Cancer. 2007;7(6):415–28. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrc2131
Cai X, Zhao Z, Dong J, Lv Q, Yun B, Liu J, et al. Circular RNA circBACH2 plays a role in papillary thyroid carcinoma by sponging miR‐139‐5p and regulating LMO4 expression. Cell Death Dis. 2019;10(3):184. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41419-019-1439-y
Bi W, Huang J, Nie C, Liu B, He G, Han J, et al. CircRNA circRNA_102171 promotes papillary thyroid cancer progression through modulating CTNNBIP1‐dependent activation of β‐catenin pathway. J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 2018;37(1):275. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13046-018-0936-7
Salzman J, Gawad C, Wang PL, Lacayo N, Brown PO. Circular RNAs are the predominant transcript isoform from hundreds of human genes in diverse cell types. PLoS One. 2012;7(2):e30733. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0030733
Vo JN, Cieslik M, Zhang Y, Shukla S, Xiao L, Zhang Y, et al. The landscape of circular RNA in cancer. Cell. 2019;176(4):869–81.e13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2018.12.021
Patop IL, Kadener S. circRNAs in cancer. Curr Opin Genet Dev. 2018;48:121–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gde.2017.11.007
Yin Y, Long J, He Q, Li Y, Liao Y, He P, et al. Emerging roles of circRNA in formation and progression of cancer. J Cancer. 2019;10(21):5015–21. https://doi.org/10.7150/jca.30828
Denzler R, McGeary SE, Title AC, Agarwal V, Bartel DP, Stoffel M. Impact of microRNA levels, target‐site complementarity, and cooperativity on competing endogenous RNA‐Regulated gene expression. Mol Cell. 2016;64(3):565–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcel.2016.09.027
Denzler R, Agarwal V, Stefano J, Bartel DP, Stoffel M. Assessing the ceRNA hypothesis with quantitative measurements of miRNA and target abundance. Mol Cell. 2014;54(5):766–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcel.2014.03.045
Bosson AD, Zamudio JR, Sharp PA. Endogenous miRNA and target concentrations determine susceptibility to potential ceRNA competition. Mol Cell. 2014;56(3):347–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcel.2014.09.018
Nijkamp MM, Span PN, Hoogsteen IJ, van der Kogel AJ, Kaanders JHAM, Bussink J. Expression of E‐cadherin and vimentin correlates with metastasis formation in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma patients. Radiother Oncol. 2011;99(3):344–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radonc.2011.05.066
Li X, Tian Y, Hu Y, Yang Z, Zhang L, Luo J. CircNUP214 sponges miR‐145 to promote the expression of ZEB2 in thyroid cancer cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2018;507(1–4):168–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.10.200
Lindsey S, Langhans SA. Crosstalk of oncogenic signaling pathways during epithelial‐mesenchymal transition. Front Oncol. 2014;4:358. https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2014.00358
Gonzalez DM, Medici D. Signaling mechanisms of the epithelial‐mesenchymal transition. Sci Signaling. 2014;7(344):re8. https://doi.org/10.1126/scisignal.2005189
Massagué J. TGFβ in cancer. Cell. 2008;134(2):215–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2008.07.001
Vander Ark A, Cao J, Li X. TGF‐β receptors: in and beyond TGF‐β signaling. Cell Signal. 2018;52:112–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cellsig.2018.09.002
Clevers H, Nusse R. Wnt/β‐catenin signaling and disease. Cell. 2012;149(6):1192–205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2012.05.012
Fang TC, Yashiro‐Ohtani Y, Del Bianco C, Knoblock DM, Blacklow SC, Pear WS. Notch directly regulates Gata3 expression during T helper 2 cell differentiation. Immunity. 2007;27(1):100–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2007.04.018
Malinge S, Thiollier C, Chlon TM, Doré LC, Diebold L, Bluteau O, et al. Ikaros inhibits megakaryopoiesis through functional interaction with GATA‐1 and NOTCH signaling. Blood. 2013;121(13):2440–51. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2012-08-450627
Quail DF, Joyce JA. Microenvironmental regulation of tumor progression and metastasis. Nature Med. 2013;19(11):1423–37. https://doi.org/10.1038/nm.3394
Hinshaw DC, Shevde LA. The tumor microenvironment innately modulates cancer progression. Cancer Res. 2019;79(18):4557–66. https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-18-3962
Peltanova B, Raudenska M, Masarik M. Effect of tumor microenvironment on pathogenesis of the head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: a systematic review. Mol Cancer. 2019;18(1):63. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12943-019-0983-5
Ruiduo C, Ying D, Qiwei W. CXCL9 promotes the progression of diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma through up‐regulating β‐catenin. Biomed Pharmacother. 2018;107:689–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2018.07.171
Tan S, Wang K, Sun F, Li Y, Gao Y. CXCL9 promotes prostate cancer progression through inhibition of cytokines from T cells. Mol Med Rep. 2018;18(2):1305–10. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2018.9152
Yuzhalin AE, Lim SY, Kutikhin AG, Gordon‐Weeks AN. Dynamic matrisome: ECM remodeling factors licensing cancer progression and metastasis. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer. 2018;1870(2):207–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbcan.2018.09.002
Kessenbrock K, Plaks V, Werb Z. Matrix metalloproteinases: regulators of the tumor microenvironment. Cell. 2010;141(1):52–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2010.03.015
Eskens FALM, Ramos FJ, Burger H, O'Brien JP, Piera A, de Jonge MJA, et al. Phase Ⅰ pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study of the first‐in‐class spliceosome inhibitor E7107 in patients with advanced solid tumors. Clin Cancer Res. 2013;19(22):6296–304. https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-13-0485
Seiler M, Yoshimi A, Darman R, Chan B, Keaney G, Thomas M, et al. H3B‐8800, an orally available small‐molecule splicing modulator, induces lethality in spliceosome‐mutant cancers. Nature Med. 2018;24(4):497–504. https://doi.org/10.1038/nm.4493
Han T, Goralski M, Gaskill N, Capota E, Kim J, Ting TC, et al. Anticancer sulfonamides target splicing by inducing RBM39 degradation via recruitment to DCAF15. Science. 2017;356(6336):eaal3755. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aal3755
van Zandwijk N, Pavlakis N, Kao SC, Linton A, Boyer MJ, Clarke S, et al. Safety and activity of microRNA‐loaded minicells in patients with recurrent malignant pleural mesothelioma: a first‐in‐man, phase 1, open‐label, dose‐escalation study. Lancet Oncol. 2017;18(10):1386–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(17)30621-6
Rupaimoole R, Slack FJ. MicroRNA therapeutics: towards a new era for the management of cancer and other diseases. Nat Rev Drug Discovery. 2017;16(3):203–22. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrd.2016.246
Hanna J, Hossain GS, Kocerha J. The potential for microRNA therapeutics and clinical research. Front Genet. 2019;10:478. https://doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2019.00478
He AT, Liu J, Li F, Yang BB. Targeting circular RNAs as a therapeutic approach: current strategies and challenges. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2021;6(1):185. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41392-021-00569-5
None.
This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution‐NonCommercial License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes.