All articles now published in the Journal are copyrighted to the authors (©The Authors). The Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) license is applied to all articles published in the Journal by default, which permits use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. If authors are requested to publish their works under the other licenses by their institution or the funder, they should consult the Editorial Office before submission.

Tsinghua University Press, the publisher, is a signatory to STM Permissions Guidelines. The guidelines allow the reuse of restricted numbers of contents among the signatory publishers without charging. The details can be found in the guidelines.

The Journal endorses the Global Principles on Artificial Intelligence (AI), particularly:

• AI system developers, operators, and deployers should not be crawling, ingesting, or using the Journal’s content without express authorization.
• Use of the Journal’s content by AI systems for training, surfacing, or synthesizing is prohibited, even for OA content.

Nano Research has transitioned to a fully open access model as of January 1, 2025. For archive material (all content published prior to January 1, 2025 under the hybrid model):

Availability: All archived articles remain accessible for viewing and downloading. Please note that access is provided on the original hybrid basis, consistent with the journal’s prior publishing model. Full content is available via the journal’s volumes and issues page: https://link.springer.com/journal/12274/volumes-and-issues

Reuse Rights: For subscription-based articles published in hybrid mode, all rights are reserved and reuse requires permission from the publisher, in accordance with standard subscription-based publishing agreements. For open access articles published under the hybrid model, reuse is governed by the applicable Creative Commons license as specified in the article.