Research progress on the mechanism of FGFR signaling pathway in tumors and targeted therapy

Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) signaling pathways are key molecular hubs that regulate cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, and survival. They play a central role in various physiological processes such as embryonic development, tissue repair, and metabolic homeostasis. Abnormal activation of this pathway, driven by genetic abnormalities such as mutations, amplification, or chromosomal rearrangements in FGFR family genes (FGFR1-4), has become an important oncogenic factor in the development of various malignant tumors. Patients carrying such variations generally have a poorer overall survival prognosis. In recent years, with the deepening of the concept of precision medicine and the popularization of high-throughput sequencing technology, new drug development targeting FGFR variations has made continuous progress. Various small molecule inhibitors have been approved for the treatment of tumor patients with specific FGFR gene abnormalities, significantly improving the prognosis of these patients. This article aims to explore the correlation between the FGFR signaling pathway and tumor occurrence and development in tumor patients, as well as the treatment options for tumor patients with FGFR signaling pathway variations, and focuses on the new progress in FGFR-targeted therapy.