Advances in the mechanism of programmed cell death driving cardiovascular disease

The pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases is complex, and myocardial cell death is a leading factor behind disease progression and adverse outcomes. Programmed cell death (PCD), the primary execution form of myocardial cell death, has such key subtypes as ferroptosis, apoptosis, necroptosis, autophagy, and pyroptosis. In recent years, the regulatory mechanisms and pathophysiological roles of various PCD subtypes in cardiovascular diseases have been gradually clarified, opening up new spheres and providing potential targets for the targeted therapy of these diseases. This review summarizes the key molecular mechanisms and crosstalk regulatory relationships of different PCD subtypes in cardiovascular diseases, and analyzes the synergistic and antagonistic effects among various pathways in the hope of providing data for the precise diagnosis and optimization of therapeutic regimens for cardiovascular diseases.