Research progress on the impact of wind-sand flow on desert photovoltaic modules and their power generation efficiency

Desert photovoltaic (PV) modules are persistently subjected to wind-sand flow, leading to a series of aeolian hazards, including surface erosion/deposition, dust accumulation, abrasion, and structural damage. These hazards not only threaten the operational safety of PV modules but also significantly reduce their power generation efficiency. However, current structural load codes have not yet incorporated the impact of wind-sand flow on the operational safety and efficiency of desert PV systems, nor have they provided specific anti-sandstorm design guidelines. This paper comprehensively reviews the research progress on the effects of wind-sand flow on desert PV modules. First, the fundamental characteristics of wind-sand flow and the disturbed sand movement around PV arrays are discussed, revealing the complex wind-sand flow field and its interaction mechanisms with PV modules. Second, the net wind load, wind-sand load, and sand particle impact load characteristics are analyzed, emphasizing the critical role of particle impact in module safety. Subsequently, the patterns of dust accumulation and abrasion characteristics are investigated, clarifying their detrimental effects on PV performance. Finally, the overall impact of wind-sand action on power generation efficiency is evaluated, and key research gaps are summarized. To address these challenges, this study proposes an integrated research framework combining field measurements, wind-sand tunnel experiments, numerical simulations, and theoretical analyses, supplemented by advanced techniques such as piezoelectric sensing and scanning electron microscopy. These approaches will enhance the understanding of wind-sand flow fields, mechanical interactions, efficiency loss mechanisms, and anti-sandstorm design strategies for desert PV systems. The findings not only deepen the knowledge of PV module behavior in aeolian environments but also provide valuable references for developing design standards and ensuring the sustainable development of desert PV projects.