Research Progress on the Role of Biofilms in Enhancing Antibiotic Resistance and Virulence in Foodborne Pathogens

Biofilms, which are microbial communities that adhere to biological or abiotic surfaces, significantly enhance the survival capacity of foodborne pathogens. Biofilms not only effectively block the penetration of antibiotics through physical barriers but also increase the tolerance of pathogens to antibiotics by regulating gene expression and promoting material exchange. Furthermore, biofilms often enhance the pathogenicity of pathogens by upregulating the expression of virulence genes. In addition, the quorum sensing system and cyclic dinucleotide signaling pathway in biofilms play key roles in regulating antibiotic resistance and virulence. Non-coding small RNAs are crucial for maintaining biofilm stability and stress resistance. These mechanisms work in synergy to improve the survival of foodborne pathogens under adverse environmental conditions. Therefore, understanding the influence and mechanism of biofilm formation on antibiotic resistance and virulence in foodborne pathogens is essential for developing safe and effective control strategies. This review focuses on the changes in antibiotic resistance and virulence in foodborne pathogens after biofilm formation and explores the molecular and cellular mechanisms through which biofilms affect resistance and virulence. It aims to provide insights into the risks associated with foodborne pathogen biofilms, offer theoretical support for biofilm-related hazard control in the food processing industry, and provide a scientific basis for developing new antimicrobial strategies and improving food safety management practices.