High-performance 2D/3D perovskite solar cells fabricated by in-situ blade-coating with low-volatility co-solvents

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) incorporating 2D/3D heterostructures have exhibited remarkable improvements in both power conversion efficiency and operational stability. Nevertheless, the prevalent spin-coating fabrication technique presents formidable challenges for scalable manufacturing processes. Herein, we present a blade-coating compatible methodology for fabricating high-performance 2D/3D PSCs utilizing a low-volatility t-amyl alcohol (t-AmOH) -dimethylformamide (DMF) mixed solvent system. Through systematic materials characterization and comprehensive device performance analysis, we demonstrate that this approach facilitates uniform spatial distribution of butylammonium iodide (BAI) organic spacers, thereby promoting the formation of a high-quality 2D/3D perovskite architecture characterized by enhanced crystallinity and substantially reduced defect density. The optimized device achieves a champion power conversion efficiency of 22.25% while demonstrating exceptional operational stability, retaining 83% of its initial performance after prolonged exposure under ambient conditions (45% relative humidity) for 1000 h.