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Transient and weak protein–protein interactions are essential to many biochemical reactions, yet are technically challenging to study. Chemical cross-linking of proteins coupled with mass spectrometry analysis (CXMS) provides a powerful tool in the analysis of such interactions. Central to this technology are chemical cross-linkers. Here, using two transient heterodimeric complexes EIN/HPr and EIIAGlc/EIIBGlc as our model systems, we evaluated the effects of two amine-specific homo-bifunctional cross-linkers with different reactivities. We showed previously that DOPA2 (di-ortho-phthalaldehyde with a di-ethylene glycol spacer arm) cross-links proteins 60–120 times faster than DSS (disuccinimidyl suberate). We found that though most of the intermolecular cross-links of either cross-linker are consistent with the encounter complexes (ECs), an ensemble of short-lived binding intermediates, more DOPA2 intermolecular cross-links could be assigned to the stereospecific complex (SC), the final lowest-energy conformational state for the two interacting proteins. Our finding suggests that faster cross-linking captures the SC more effectively and cross-linkers of different reactivities potentially probe protein–protein interaction dynamics across multiple timescales.
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