Journal Home > Volume 14 , Issue 3

The green synthesis of Ag/AgCl nanocomposite using the durian shell extract was carried out under the sunlight illumination at room temperature, showing the face-centered cubic crystalline structures of both Ag and AgCl with nanosizes in the range of 15–25 nm. The high negative potential value of the Ag/AgCl solution (–21.1 mV) established the high dispersion of Ag/AgCl, long-term stability, and good colloidal nature. The antibacterial activity of Ag/AgCl nanocomposite against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bacteria was highly appreciated with average inhibition zone diameter of 12.0 mm, minimum inhibitory concentration of 8.27 mg/L, and minimum bactericidal concentration of 66.1 mg/L. The present work designed a cost-effective, convenient, eco-friendly protocol to synthesize Ag/AgCl nanocomposite and its efficient antibacterial activity against MRSA was evidenced as well.


menu
Abstract
Full text
Outline
About this article

Facile Green Synthesis of Ag/AgCl Nanocomposite Using Durian Shell Extract and its Activity Against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus

Show Author's information Thi Anh Thu Nguyen1Thi My Thao Nguyen1Thi Thanh Le Trinh1Phung Anh Nguyen2Van Minh Nguyen3Nhat Linh Duong3Trung Dang-Bao4( )Nguyen Tri2,3( )
School of Applied Chemistry, Tra Vinh University, Tra Vinh City, Vietnam
Institute of Chemical Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
Faculty of Biotechnology, Ho Chi Minh City Open University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology, VNU-HCM, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

Abstract

The green synthesis of Ag/AgCl nanocomposite using the durian shell extract was carried out under the sunlight illumination at room temperature, showing the face-centered cubic crystalline structures of both Ag and AgCl with nanosizes in the range of 15–25 nm. The high negative potential value of the Ag/AgCl solution (–21.1 mV) established the high dispersion of Ag/AgCl, long-term stability, and good colloidal nature. The antibacterial activity of Ag/AgCl nanocomposite against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bacteria was highly appreciated with average inhibition zone diameter of 12.0 mm, minimum inhibitory concentration of 8.27 mg/L, and minimum bactericidal concentration of 66.1 mg/L. The present work designed a cost-effective, convenient, eco-friendly protocol to synthesize Ag/AgCl nanocomposite and its efficient antibacterial activity against MRSA was evidenced as well.

Keywords: Nanocomposite, Green synthesis, Ag/AgCl, Durian shell extract, Antibiotic-resistant bacteria

References(60)

[1]
S.H. Podolsky. The evolving response to antibiotic resistance (1945–2018). Palgrave Commun, 2018, 4: 124. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41599-018-0181-x
DOI
[2]

E. Peterson, P. Kaur. Antibiotic resistance mechanisms in bacteria: Relationships between resistance determinants of antibiotic producers, environmental bacteria, and clinical pathogens. Frontiers in Microbiology, 2018, 9: 2928. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2018.02928

[3]

A.S. Lee, H. de Lencastre, J. Garau, et al. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Nature Reviews Disease Primers, 2018, 4: 18033. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrdp.2018.33

[4]

K.M. Craft, J.M. Nguyen, L.J. Berg, et al. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA): Antibiotic-resistance and the biofilm phenotype. Med Chem Comm, 2019, 10: 1231–1241. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C9MD00044E

[5]

Z.K. Abbas-Al-Khafaji, Q.H. Aubais-aljelehawy. Evaluation of antibiotic resistance and prevalence of multi-antibiotic resistant genes among Acinetobacter baumannii strains isolated from patients admitted to al-yarmouk hospital. Cellular, Molecular and Biomedical Reports, 2021, 1: 60–68. https://doi.org/10.55705/cmbr.2021.142761.1015

[6]

N. Asadi, M. Taran, M. Rad, et al. Effects of glucose, metformin, and protein on formation of flower-like nanocomposites of struvite in infected artificial urine medium by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA): New report. Nano Biomedicineand Engineering, 2019, 11: 91–97. https://doi.org/10.5101/nbe.v11i1.p91-97

[7]

M. Alavi, M. Rai. Antisense RNA, the modified CRISPR-Cas9, and metal/metal oxide nanoparticles to inactivate pathogenic bacteria. Cellular, Molecular and Biomedical Reports, 2021, 1: 52–59. https://doi.org/10.55705/cmbr.2021.142436.1014

[8]

M. Rad, M. Taran, M. Alavi. Effect of incubation time, CuSO4 and glucose concentrations on biosynthesis of copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles with rectangular shape and antibacterial activity: Taguchi method approach. Nano Biomedicineand Engineering, 2018, 10: 25–33. https://doi.org/10.5101/nbe.v10i1.p25-33

[9]

C.L. Fox Jr, S.M. Modak. Mechanism of silver sulfadiazine action on burn wound infections. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1974, 5: 582–588. https://doi.org/10.1128/aac.5.6.582

[10]

T. Ishida. Antibacterial mechanism of bacteriolyses of bacterial cell walls by zinc (Ⅱ) ion induced activations of PGN autolysins, and DNA damages. Journal of Genes and Proteins, 2017, 1(1): 1000102.

[11]

S.M. Dizaj, F. Lotfipour, M. Barzegar-Jalali, et al. Antimicrobial activity of the metals and metal oxide nanoparticles. Materials Science and Engineering: C, 2014, 44: 278–284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2014.08.031

[12]

Chi-Sheng, Chien. Antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles (AgNP) confined to mesostructured silica against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2018, 747: 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.02.334

[13]

S.J. Liao, Y.P. Zhang, X.H. Pan, et al. Antibacterial activity and mechanism of silver nanoparticles against multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. International Journal of Nanomedicine, 2019, 14: 1469–1487. https://doi.org/10.2147/ijn.s191340

[14]

S. Thangudu, S.S. Kulkarni, R. Vankayala, et al. Photosensitized reactive chlorine species-mediated therapeutic destruction of drug-resistant bacteria using plasmonic core-shell Ag@AgClnanocubes as an external nanomedicine. Nanoscale, 2020, 12: 12970–12984. https://doi.org/10.1039/d0nr01300e

[15]

A. Hussain, M.F. Alajmi, M.A. Khan, et al. Biosynthesized silver nanoparticle (AgNP) from Pandanus odorifer leaf extract exhibits anti-metastasis and anti-biofilm potentials. Frontiers in Microbiology, 2019, 10: 8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2019.00008

[16]

S. Rajput, D. Kumar, V. Agrawal. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Indian Belladonna extract and their potential antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer and larvicidal activities. Plant Cell Reports, 2020, 39: 921–939. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00299-020-02539-7

[17]

M.P. Patil, J. Palma, N.C. Simeon, et al. Sasa borealis leaf extract-mediated green synthesis of silver-silver chloride nanoparticles and their antibacterial and anticancer activities. New Journal of Chemistry, 2017, 41: 1363–1371. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C6NJ03454C

[18]

E.E. Elemike, D.C. Onwudiwe, O.E. Fayemi, et al. Green synthesis and electrochemistry of Ag, Au, and Ag-Au bimetallic nanoparticles using golden rod (Solidago canadensis) leaf extract. Applied Physics A, 2019, 125: 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00339-018-2348-0

[19]

N. Kulkarni, U. Muddapur. Biosynthesis of metal nanoparticles: A review. Journal of Nanotechnology, 2014, 2014: 510246. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/510246

[20]

N.A. A Aziz, A.M. Mhd Jalil. Bioactive compounds, nutritional value, and potential health benefits of indigenous durian (DuriozibethinusMurr.): A review. Foods, 2019, 8: 96. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods8030096

[21]
A. Manzoor, B. Jan, S. Mehraj, et al. Durian. Antioxidants in fruits: properties and health benefits. Singapore: Springer, 2020: 163–180. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-7285-2_9
DOI
[22]

P.A. Nguyen, H.P. Phan, T. Dang-Bao, et al. Sunlight irradiation-assisted green synthesis, characteristics and antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles using the leaf extract of Jasminum subtriplinerve Blume. Journal of Plant Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 2022, 31: 202–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13562-021-00667-z

[23]

D.T. Nguyen, N.L. Duong, V.M. Nguyen, et al. Chromolaenaodorata extract as a green agent for the synthesis of Ag@AgCl nanoparticles inactivating bacterial pathogens. Chemical Papers, 2020, 74: 1849–1857. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11696-019-01033-z

[24]

N.P. Anh, D.N. Linh, N.V. Minh, et al. Positive effects of the ultrasound on biosynthesis, characteristics and antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles using Fortunella japonica. Materials Transactions, 2019, 60: 2053–2058. https://doi.org/10.2320/matertrans.m2019065

[25]

M. Balouiri, M. Sadiki, S.K. Ibnsouda. Methods for in vitro evaluating antimicrobial activity: A review. Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis, 2016, 6: 71–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpha.2015.11.005

[26]

A. Moosa, A.M. Ridha, M. Al-Kaser. Process parameters for green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using leaves extract of Aloevera plant. International Journal of Multidisciplinary and Current Research, 2015, 3: 966–975.

[27]

Y. Gopalakrishnan, A. Al-Gheethi, M. Abdul Malek, et al. Removal of basic brown 16 from aqueous solution using durian shell adsorbent, optimisation and techno-economic analysis. Sustainability, 2020, 12: 8928. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12218928

[28]

U. Holzwarth, N. Gibson. The Scherrer equation versus the 'Debye-Scherrer equation'. Nature Nanotechnology, 2011, 6: 534. https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2011.145

[29]

R. Sattari, G.R. Khayati, R. Hoshyar. Biosynthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles capped by biomolecules by Fumaria parviflora extract as green approach and evaluation of their cytotoxicity against human breast cancer MDA-MB-468 cell lines. Materials Chemistry and Physics, 2020, 241: 122438. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2019.122438

[30]

V. Ahluwalia, S. Elumalai, V. Kumar, et al. Nano silver particle synthesis using Swertiapaniculata herbal extract and its antimicrobial activity. Microbial Pathogenesis, 2018, 114: 402–408. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2017.11.052

[31]

V. Ahluwalia, J. Kumar, R. Sisodia, et al. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles by Trichoderma harzianum and their bio-efficacy evaluation against Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumonia. Industrial Crops and Products, 2014, 55: 202–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2014.01.026

[32]

R. Sattari, G.R. Khayati, R. Hoshyar. Biosynthesis of silver-silver chloride nanoparticles using fruit extract of Levisticumofficinale: Characterization and anticancer activity against MDA-MB-468 cell lines. Journal of Cluster Science, 2021, 32: 593–599. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10876-020-01818-3

[33]

N. Filipović, D. Ušjak, M.T. Milenković, et al. Comparative study of the antimicrobial activity of selenium nanoparticles with different surface chemistry and structure. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 2021, 8: 624621. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2020.624621

[34]

D. Medina Cruz, G. Mi, T.J. Webster. Synthesis and characterization of biogenic selenium nanoparticles with antimicrobial properties made by Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A, 2018, 106: 1400–1412. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.a.36347

[35]

Mahendra, Rai. Broadening the spectrum of small-molecule antibacterials by metallic nanoparticles to overcome microbial resistance. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 2017, 532: 139–148. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.08.127

[36]

M.I. Shekh, D.M. Patel, K.P. Patel, et al. Electrospun nanofibers of poly(NPEMA-co. -CMPMA): Used as heavy metal ion remover and water sanitizer. Fibers and Polymers, 2016, 17: 358–370. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12221-016-5861-9

[37]

M.I. Shekh, N.N. Patel, K.P. Patel, et al. Nano silver-embedded electrospun nanofiber of poly(4-chloro-3-methylphenyl methacrylate): use as water sanitizer. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2017, 24: 5701–5716. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-8254-0

[38]

K.I. Alsamhary. Eco-friendly synthesis of silver nanoparticles by Bacillus subtilis and their antibacterial activity. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 2020, 27: 2185–2191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.04.026

[39]

M. Alavi, N. Karimi. Biosynthesis of Ag and Cu NPs by secondary metabolites of usnic acid and thymol with biological macromolecules aggregation and antibacterial activities against multi drug resistant (MDR) bacteria. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2019, 128: 893–901. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.01.177

[40]

N. Abdel-Raouf, N.M. Al-Enazi, I.B.M. Ibraheem. Green biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles using Galaxauraelongata and characterization of their antibacterial activity. Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 2017, 10: S3029–S3039. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2013.11.044

[41]

N.V. Ayala-Núñez, H.H. Lara Villegas, L. del Carmen IxtepanTurrent, et al. Silver nanoparticles toxicity and bactericidal effect against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: Nanoscale does matter. Nanobiotechnology, 2009, 5: 2–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12030-009-9029-1

[42]

A.C. de Moraes, B.A. Lima, A.F. de Faria, et al. Graphene oxide-silver nanocomposite as a promising biocidal agent against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. International Journal of Nanomedicine, 2015, 10: 6847–6861. https://doi.org/10.2147/ijn.s90660

[43]

H.M. Heyman, A.A. Hussein, J.J.M. Meyer, et al. Antibacterial activity of South African medicinal plants against methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Pharmaceutical Biology, 2009, 47: 67–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13880200802434096

[44]

S.P.N. Mativandlela, J.J.M. Meyer, A.A. Hussein, et al. Antitubercular activity of compounds isolated from Pelargonium sidoides. Pharmaceutical Biology, 2007, 45: 645–650. https://doi.org/10.1080/13880200701538716

[45]

O.J. Akinjogunla, C. Yah, N. Eghafona, et al. Antibacterial activity of leave extracts of Nymphaea lotus (Nymphaeaceae) on methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA) isolated from clinical samples. Annals of Biological Research, 2010, 1: 174–184.

[46]

G. Sucilathangam, S. Gomatheswari, G. Velvizhi et al. Detection of anti-bacterial activity of medicinal plant Quercus infectoria against MRSA isolates in clinical samples. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, 2012, 14(8): 1–4.

[47]

B. Manipriya, T. Banu, P. Kumar L, et al. Evaluation of antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and detection of virulence factors - nuclease, phosphatase, and bio film production. Asian Journalof Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, 2018, 11: 224. https://doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v11i5.24097

[48]

A. Ronen, W.Y. Duan, I. Wheeldon, et al. Microbial attachment inhibition through low-voltage electrochemical reactions on electrically conducting membranes. Environmental Science & Technology, 2015, 49: 12741–12750. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b01281

[49]

K. Okaiyeto, M.O. Ojemaye, H. Hoppe, et al. Phytofabrication of silver/silver chloride nanoparticles using aqueous leaf extract of Oederagenistifolia: Characterization and antibacterial potential. Molecules, 2019, 24: 4382. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24234382

[50]

Y.H. Hsueh, K.S. Lin, W.J. Ke, et al. The antimicrobial properties of silver nanoparticles in Bacillus subtilis are mediated by released Ag+ ions. PLoSONE, 2015, 10: e0144306. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0144306

[51]

F.N. Spagnoletti, C. Spedalieri, F. Kronberg, et al. Extracellular biosynthesis of bactericidal Ag/AgCl nanoparticles for crop protection using the fungus Macrophominaphaseolina. Journal of Environmental Management, 2019, 231: 457–466. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.10.081

[52]

C.H.N. Barros, S. Fulaz, D. Stanisic, et al. Biogenic nanosilver against multidrug-resistant bacteria (MDRB). Antibiotics, 2018, 7: 69. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics7030069

[53]

Y.S. Raval, A. Mohamed, H.M. Zmuda, et al. Hydrogen-peroxide-generating electrochemical scaffold eradicates methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus biofilms. Global Challenges, 2019, 3: 1800101. https://doi.org/10.1002/gch2.201800101

[54]

F.C. Fang. Antimicrobial reactive oxygen and nitrogen species: Concepts and controversies. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 2004, 2: 820–832. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro1004

[55]

P.P. Li, H.X. Wu, A. Dong. Ag/AgX nanostructures serving as antibacterial agents: Achievements and challenges. Rare Metals, 2022, 41: 519–539. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12598-021-01822-0

[56]

A. Valavanidis, T. Vlachogianni, K. Fiotakis, et al. Pulmonary oxidative stress, inflammation and cancer: Respirable particulate matter, fibrous dusts and ozone as major causes of lung carcinogenesis through reactive oxygen species mechanisms. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2013, 10: 3886–3907. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph10093886

[57]

M. Saran, I. Beck-Speier, B. Fellerhoff, et al. Phagocytic killing of microorganisms by radical processes: Consequences of the reaction of hydroxyl radicals with chloride yielding chlorine atoms. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 1999, 26: 482–490. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0891-5849(98)00187-7

[58]

J. Kim, B. Pitts, P.S. Stewart, et al. Comparison of the antimicrobial effects of chlorine, silver ion, and tobramycin on biofilm. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 2008, 52: 1446–1453. https://doi.org/10.1128/aac.00054-07

[59]

C.Y. Mao, Y.M. Xiang, X.M. Liu, et al. Photo-inspired antibacterial activity and wound healing acceleration by hydrogel embedded with Ag/Ag@AgCl/ZnO nanostructures. ACS Nano, 2017, 11: 9010–9021. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.7b03513

[60]

Z. Qin, Y. Zheng, Y. Wang, et al. Versatile roles of silver in Ag-based nanoalloys for antibacterial applications. Coordination Chemistry Reviews, 2021, 449: 214218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ccr.2021.214218

Publication history
Copyright
Rights and permissions

Publication history

Received: 25 September 2021
Revised: 21 September 2022
Accepted: 14 November 2022
Published: 30 November 2022
Issue date: September 2022

Copyright

© Thi Anh Thu Nguyen, Thi My Thao Nguyen, Thi Thanh Le Trinh, Phung Anh Nguyen, Van Minh Nguyen, Nhat Linh Duong, Trung Dang-Bao, Nguyen Tri.

Rights and permissions

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Return