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Nano Biomedicine and Engineering 2020, 12(1): 21-46 https://doi.org/10.5101/nbe.v12i1.p21-46
Review | Open Access | Issue | Published: 14 February 2020

Revisiting an Old Friend Nano-TiO2: A Crucial Assessment of its Current Safety

Show Author's Information Ozioma Udochukwu Akakuru1,  Muhammad Zubair Iqbal1,3( ),  Chuang Liu1,2,  Zihou Li1,2,  Yang Gao1,2,  Chen Xu1,  Elvis Ikechukwu Nosike1,2,  Gohar Ijaz Dar1,2,  Fang Yang1,  Aiguo Wu1( )
Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, & Key Laboratory of Additive Manufacturing Materials of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19(A) Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, No. 2 Road of Xiasha, Hangzhou 310018, China
Keywords:
TiO2 nanoparticles, Exposure routes, Environmental fates, Toxicity mechanism
Cite this article:
Akakuru OU, Iqbal MZ, Liu C, et al. Revisiting an Old Friend Nano-TiO2: A Crucial Assessment of its Current Safety. Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, 2020, 12(1): 21-46. https://doi.org/10.5101/nbe.v12i1.p21-46
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Abstract Full text About this article

The recent advances in nanoscience and nanotechnology have enhanced the synthesis of various forms of nanomaterials for practical applications. Undoubtedly, these nanomaterials are not without attendant toxicities to humans, environment, and other organisms. Moreover, the toxicity of nanomaterials dominates the landscape of current toxicity concerns highlighted by the FDA. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) contribute a large proportion of synthesized nanomaterials mainly due to their excellent photocatalytic activities, mechanical and chemical stability, bio- and chemical inertness, corrosion resistance, thin film transparency, and low production cost. These fascinating properties of TiO2 NPs have been extensively exploited and dramatically increased their utility for various applications such as in nanomedicine for cancer theranostics, nanobiotechnology, environment, pharmacy, energy, food, cosmetics, and paper industries. Owing to the poor understanding of the impacts of NPs on humans, no clear regulation has been implemented for NPs among international authorities. Over time, the toxicity state of TiO2 NPs is typical of a double-edged sword. Hitherto, there is no restriction on the use of TiO2 NPs irrespective of the toxicity concerns raised by some researchers. This may have been dampened by the low-to-no toxicity reports from other researchers on these NPs. This review therefore looks into the recent toxicity reports from various studies conducted with/on TiO2 NPs as to ascertain their present-day safety. To elucidate this, we discussed the possible exposure routes to these NPs and their effects on the environment, plants, soil organisms, and aquatic species. We also provided insights on the toxicity mechanisms of TiO2 NPs and proposed future perspectives for improving their safe applications.


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About this article

Revisiting an Old Friend Nano-TiO2: A Crucial Assessment of its Current Safety

Show Author's information Ozioma Udochukwu Akakuru1, Muhammad Zubair Iqbal1,3( ), Chuang Liu1,2, Zihou Li1,2, Yang Gao1,2, Chen Xu1, Elvis Ikechukwu Nosike1,2, Gohar Ijaz Dar1,2, Fang Yang1, Aiguo Wu1( )
Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, & Key Laboratory of Additive Manufacturing Materials of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19(A) Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, No. 2 Road of Xiasha, Hangzhou 310018, China

Abstract

The recent advances in nanoscience and nanotechnology have enhanced the synthesis of various forms of nanomaterials for practical applications. Undoubtedly, these nanomaterials are not without attendant toxicities to humans, environment, and other organisms. Moreover, the toxicity of nanomaterials dominates the landscape of current toxicity concerns highlighted by the FDA. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) contribute a large proportion of synthesized nanomaterials mainly due to their excellent photocatalytic activities, mechanical and chemical stability, bio- and chemical inertness, corrosion resistance, thin film transparency, and low production cost. These fascinating properties of TiO2 NPs have been extensively exploited and dramatically increased their utility for various applications such as in nanomedicine for cancer theranostics, nanobiotechnology, environment, pharmacy, energy, food, cosmetics, and paper industries. Owing to the poor understanding of the impacts of NPs on humans, no clear regulation has been implemented for NPs among international authorities. Over time, the toxicity state of TiO2 NPs is typical of a double-edged sword. Hitherto, there is no restriction on the use of TiO2 NPs irrespective of the toxicity concerns raised by some researchers. This may have been dampened by the low-to-no toxicity reports from other researchers on these NPs. This review therefore looks into the recent toxicity reports from various studies conducted with/on TiO2 NPs as to ascertain their present-day safety. To elucidate this, we discussed the possible exposure routes to these NPs and their effects on the environment, plants, soil organisms, and aquatic species. We also provided insights on the toxicity mechanisms of TiO2 NPs and proposed future perspectives for improving their safe applications.

Keywords: TiO2 nanoparticles, Exposure routes, Environmental fates, Toxicity mechanism

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Publication history
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Acknowledgements
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Publication history

Received: 26 October 2019
Accepted: 07 February 2020
Published: 14 February 2020
Issue date: March 2020

Copyright

© Ozioma Udochukwu Akakuru, Muhammad Zubair Iqbal, Chuang Liu, Zihou Li, Yang Gao, Chen Xu, Elvis Ikechukwu Nosike, Gohar Ijaz Dar, Fang Yang, and Aiguo Wu.

Acknowledgements

Acknowledgements

The authors acknowledge the support of National Key R&D Program of China (2018YFC0910601, and 2019YFA04000803), National Natural Science Foundation of China (31971292, U1432114, 81650410654, 8161101589), the Hundred Talents Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences (2010-735), Key Breakthrough Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences (KGZD-EW-T06), Special Program for Applied Research on Super Computation of the NSFC-Guangdong Joint Fund (the second phase to Aiguo Wu, U1501501), and the Science & Technology Bureau of Ningbo City (2015B11002). Ozioma Udochukwu Akakuru also appreciates the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) and The World Academy of Sciences (TWAS) for the award of the CAS-TWAS President's Fellowship (2017A8017422001) for PhD studies.

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