Research progress on the control of root-knot nematodes by entomopathogenic nematodes and symbiotic bacteria

Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) are obligate parasitic natural enemies of insects, and have been developed as a new type of highly efficient biological insecticide internationally. EPNs have been widely used to control pests in agriculture, forestry, forage, horticulture, and public health. The root-knot nematodes (RKNs) Meloidogyne spp., is one of the most damaging plant-parasitic nematodes and cause global soil-borne plant diseases. RKNs are extremely difficult to control and result in huge economic losses annually. Studies have shown that EPNs and their symbiotic bacteria exert direct inhibitory effect on RKNs. In this paper, we reviewed the literature on the biological characteristics of RKNs, their current damage status, and the research and application progress in the use of EPNs for RKNs control both domestically and internationally. Furthermore, we discussed the potential mechanisms of EPNs in controlling RKNs, providing a foundation for further research on "using EPN to control RKN".