Expert consensus on integrated traditional Chinese and western medicine diagnosis and treatment of multiple pulmonary nodules（2025 edition）

Multiple Pulmonary Nodules (MPNs) are common clinical conditions, with their incidence showing a year-on-year upward trend. The application of artificial intelligence-assisted imaging diagnostic systems for malignancy risk assessment of pulmonary nodules is not only a core component in the clinical management system of MPNs, but also a key challenge in the current field of early lung cancer screening. The traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) diagnosis and treatment system demonstrates unique advantages in MPNs intervention: by integrating the imaging features of pulmonary nodules, combining TCM four diagnostic information to enhance postoperative recovery process of patients and reduce the risk of malignant transformation of pulmonary nodules. To further improve the level of integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine (TCM-WM) diagnosis and treatment for MPNs, this consensus takes the GRADE system as the theoretical framework, adopts the Delphi methods for expert investigation and demonstration, and aligns with relevant domestic and international diagnosis and treatment guidelines and consensus contents. It standardizes the whole-process management of MPNs, including surgical intervention, local ablation therapy, and TCM-WM combined treatment. The specific contents indude: preoperative TCM constitution identification and conditioning plans, perioperative complication prevention and intervention strategies, dynamic monitoring and control measures for postoperative residual nodules, and microscopic syndrome differentiation-based treatment pathways for asymptomatic pulmonary nodules. This consensus aims to maximize the clinical benefits of patients through the optimized application of the multidisciplinary collaboration diagnosis and treatment model, and provide practical guidance for promoting the early diagnosis and treatment of MPNs.