Heat transfer augmentation of Jeffery–Hamel hybrid nanofluid in a stretching convergent/divergent channel through porous medium

The primary objective of the present study was to investigate the enhancement of heat transfer in a Jeffery–Hamel hybrid nanofluid through a porous medium, within stretching/shrinking and convergent/divergent channels. The Darcy–Forchheimer (DF) law was employed to model the flow and thermal behavior of the nanofluid. The governing system of equations was derived using appropriate transformations. Numerical computations were performed using the NDSolve method in Mathematica-11. Results are presented through numerical data and graphical representations, illustrating the effects of various physical parameters on the flow profiles. Key findings indicate that increasing the inertia coefficient and nanoparticle volume fraction accelerates the velocity of the nanofluid in both divergent and convergent channels. Furthermore, higher porosity and inertia coefficients lead to increased drag forces exerted by the channel. Jeffery–Hamel hybrid nanofluids are significantly enhanced by increasing nanoparticle volume fraction, inertia coefficient, porosity, and the presence of radiation and heat source parameters, with a notably higher rate observed in the case of an expanding channel compared to a contracting one.