Hopf bifurcation and Turing pattern of a diffusive Rosenzweig-MacArthur model with fear factor

In this paper, the dynamic behavior of a diffusive Rosenzweig-MacArthur (R-M) predator-prey model with hyperbolic tangent functional response and fear effect was investigated. For the local system, we gave a detailed classification of equilibria and performed bifurcation analysis. It was shown by numerical simulation that both the capture rate and fear factor have a stabilizing effect. Furthermore, the existence of limit cycles was discussed when the prey was in low fear or carrying capacity was sufficiently large. For the reaction-diffusion system, we considered the local stability of a unique positive equilibrium, Turing instability of both positive equilibrium and homogeneous periodic orbits under weak fear effect or strong carrying capacity, the direction of Hopf bifurcation and the stability of bifurcating periodic solutions under small fear cost and large diffusion coefficients, as well as the existence of positive nonconstant steady states. However, in the absence of fear effect, Turing instability of both positive equilibrium and homogeneous periodic orbits did not occur. Meanwhile, numerical examples were given to illustrate the corresponding analytic results.