Lump and kink soliton phenomena of Vakhnenko equation

Understanding natural processes often involves intricate nonlinear dynamics. Nonlinear evolution equations are crucial for examining the behavior and possible solutions of specific nonlinear systems. The Vakhnenko equation is a typical example, considering that this equation demonstrates kink and lump soliton solutions. These solitons are possible waves with several intriguing features and have been characterized in other naturalistic nonlinear systems. The solution of nonlinear equations demands advanced analytical techniques. This work ultimately sought to find and study the kink and lump soliton solutions using the Riccati–Bernoulli sub-ode method for the Vakhnenko equation (VE). The results obtained in this work are lump and kink soliton solutions presented in hyperbolic trigonometric and rational functions. This work reveals the effectiveness and future of our method for solving complex solitary wave problems.