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Research Article | Open Access

The singularity of two kinds of tricyclic graphs

Haicheng Ma1Xiaojie You1Shuli Li2,3( )
School of Mathematics and Statistics, Qinghai Nationalities University, Xining 810007, China
School of Mathematics and Computer Science, Quanzhou Normal University, Quanzhou 362000, China
Key Laboratory of Intelligent Computing and Information Processing, Fujian Province University, Quanzhou 362000, China
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Abstract

Let G be a finite simple graph and let A ( G ) be its adjacency matrix. Then G is s i n g u l a r if A ( G ) is singular. Suppose P b 1 , P b 2 , P b 3 are three paths with disjoint vertices, where b i 2 ( i = 1 , 2 , 3 ), and at most one of them is 2. Coalescing together one of the two end vertices of each of the three paths, and coalescing together the other end vertex of each of the three paths, the resulting graph is called the θ-graph, denoted by θ ( b 1 , b 2 , b 3 ). Let α ( a , b 1 , b 2 , b 3 , s ) be the graph obtained by merging one end of the path P s with one vertex of a cycle C a , and merging the other end of the path P s with one vertex of θ ( b 1 , b 2 , b 3 ) of degree 3. If s = 1, denote β ( a , b 1 , b 2 , b 3 ) = α ( a , b 1 , b 2 , b 3 , 1 ). In this paper, we give the necessity and sufficiency condition for the singularity of α ( a , b 1 , b 2 , b 3 , s ) and β ( a , b 1 , b 2 , b 3 ), and we also prove that the probability that any given α ( a , b 1 , b 2 , b 3 , s ) is a singular graph is equal to 35 64 , the probability that any given β ( a , b 1 , b 2 , b 3 ) is a singular graph is equal to 9 16 . From our main results we can conclude that such a α ( a , b 1 , b 2 , b 3 , s ) graph ( β ( a , b 1 , b 2 , b 3 ) graph) is singular if 4 | a or three b i ( i = 1 , 2 , 3 ) are all odd numbers or exactly two of the three b i ( i = 1 , 2 , 3 ) are odd numbers and the length of the cycle formed by the two odd paths in α ( a , b 1 , b 2 , b 3 , s ) graph ( β ( a , b 1 , b 2 , b 3 ) graph) is a multiple of 4. The theoretical probability of these graphs being singular is more than half.

CLC number: 05C50

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AIMS Mathematics
Pages 8949-8963

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Cite this article:
Ma H, You X, Li S. The singularity of two kinds of tricyclic graphs. AIMS Mathematics, 2023, 8(4): 8949-8963. https://doi.org/10.3934/math.2023448

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Received: 20 October 2022
Revised: 25 January 2023
Accepted: 28 January 2023
Published: 15 April 2023
©2023 the Author(s), licensee AIMS Press.

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0)