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Research Article | Open Access

Unbalanced signed graphs with eigenvalue properties

Rashad Ismail1Saira Hameed2Uzma Ahmad2Khadija Majeed2Muhammad Javaid3( )
Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science and Arts, King Khalid University, Muhayl Assir 61913, Saudi Arabia
Department of Mathematics, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54770, Pakistan
Department of Mathematics, School of Science, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
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Abstract

For a signature function Ψ : E ( H ) { ± 1 } with underlying graph H, a signed graph (S.G) H ^ = ( H , Ψ ) is a graph in which edges are assigned the signs using the signature function Ψ. An S.G H ^ is said to fulfill the symmetric eigenvalue property if for every eigenvalue h ^ ( H ^ ) of H ^ , h ^ ( H ^ ) is also an eigenvalue of H ^ . A non singular S.G H ^ is said to fulfill the property ( S R ) if for every eigenvalue h ^ ( H ^ ) of H ^ , its reciprocal is also an eigenvalue of H ^ (with multiplicity as that of h ^ ( H ^ )). A non singular S.G H ^ is said to fulfill the property ( S R ) if for every eigenvalue h ^ ( H ^ ) of H ^ , its negative reciprocal is also an eigenvalue of H ^ (with multiplicity as that of h ^ ( H ^ )). In this article, non bipartite unbalanced S.Gs C ^ 3 ( m , 1 ) and C ^ 5 ( m , 2 ) , where m is even positive integer have been constructed and it has been shown that these graphs fulfill the symmetric eigenvalue property, the S.Gs C ^ 3 ( m , 1 ) also fulfill the properties ( S R ) and ( S R ), whereas the S.Gs C ^ 5 ( m , 2 ) are close to fulfill the properties ( S R ) and ( S R ).

CLC number: 05C09, 05C90

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AIMS Mathematics
Pages 24751-24763

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Cite this article:
Ismail R, Hameed S, Ahmad U, et al. Unbalanced signed graphs with eigenvalue properties. AIMS Mathematics, 2023, 8(10): 24751-24763. https://doi.org/10.3934/math.20231262

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Received: 29 May 2023
Revised: 24 July 2023
Accepted: 31 July 2023
Published: 15 October 2023
©2023 the Author(s), licensee AIMS Press.

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0)