Effects of geomagnetic storms on cathodic protection systems in gas pipelines: A case study of disturbances in Argentina (2013-2018)

Gas pipelines are susceptible to telluric currents induced by temporal variations in the geomagnetic field (GMF), which are primarily driven by solar activity. These variations can generate electric fields at the Earth's surface, causing current flow through conductive infrastructure such as pipelines. In this study, we investigated the influence of GMF fluctuations on cathodic protection systems in gas pipelines, focusing on two major lines in Argentina: The NEUBA II (mid-latitude) and San Martín Fueguino (high-latitude) pipelines. Between 2013 and 2018, anomalies in Pipe-to-Soil Potential measurements were recorded at 38 monitoring points along these pipelines. We analyzed the relationship between PSP disturbances and geomagnetic and solar indices, including the Dst, Kp indices, Sunspot Number, and the F10.7 cm solar radio flux. In addition to global indices, we introduced the second vertical derivative (SVD) of the GMF as a method to detect rapid, localized magnetic field variations, even during geomagnetically quiet periods. Our findings revealed that such subtle GMF changes can produce Out-of-Range Protection Records, compromising cathodic protection systems, and potentially accelerating corrosion processes. We present an investigation into geomagnetic impacts on pipeline cathodic protection systems, with an application of SVD analysis. This research underscores the importance of integrating advanced geomagnetic monitoring tools into pipeline risk assessment and protection strategies. By correlating space weather parameters with ground-level effects, it provides a framework to better understand and mitigate geomagnetically induced currents, enhancing infrastructure resilience in both mid- and high-latitude regions. Our SVD results of the geomagnetic field are presented as a sensitive local indicator of disturbances affecting pipeline protection, especially under conditions where global geomagnetic indices suggest a quiet space weather.