Spatio-temporal alterations, configurations, and distribution of green areas, along with their sustainability in Parakou, Benin

Green areas (GAs) are swiftly declining in urban areas worldwide, amplifying adverse local climate impacts on the well-being of city residents. Despite this, there is limited empirical research on the changing patterns and distribution of GAs and their vulnerability. This is especially notable in dry tropical cities where these spaces function as vital microclimate areas that control against climate change effects such as flooding and heat islands. This study focused on examining the changing GA coverage, scrutinizing the spatial distribution of different GA categories, and investigating threat factors associated with their perceived sustainability in Parakou. Employing a mixed-methods approach, open-source geospatial data and collected primary data were acquired through on-site observations as well as semi-structured interviews. Data analysis involved the application of geospatial, statistical, and textual techniques. The results indicated that, from 2000 to 2020, the city experienced a loss of 16.48 km² (24.73%) in its GA cover. The predominant land use change observed was the conversion of sparse vegetation (21.86%) into built-up areas. A notable difference (P < 0.0001) was observed among GA categories, revealing an aggregated spatial pattern [g (r) > 1] that emphasizes the necessity for tailored strategies to enhance and conserve each GA category within the city. Furthermore, there is a perception of critical degradation in various GA categories, namely city bush, cropland, and forest plantation. The primary causes identified for GA depletion in the city were poor management strategies and lack of planning. These results could provide valuable guidance for policymakers, urban planners, and cityscape architects with a focus on urban sustainability, particularly regarding the development of GAs in the Republic of Benin.