Dynamical analysis of a Filippov pest-natural enemy model incorporating fear and prey refuge

This paper establishes a Filippov integrated pest management model with the fear effect and prey refuge, aiming to investigate economic-threshold-based intermittent control strategies and their dynamical behavior. First, the existence and local stability of the equilibria of the two subsystems are discussed, and the nonsmooth dynamics of the Filippov system are analyzed. Furthermore, sliding bifurcations, boundary equilibrium bifurcations, and global sliding bifurcations are investigated through numerical simulations. The results indicate that the control effect is highly sensitive to the threshold value, and as the threshold varies, the system exhibits a series of complex bifurcation phenomena. Furthermore, pest refuge behavior may weaken the effectiveness of control measures. Although the fear effect can suppress pest growth, an excessively strong fear effect may reduce prey availability for natural enemies, thereby limiting their population growth.