Research progress on hypergravity experiments and numerical simulation of seepage and solute migration in low-permeability rock mass

The long-term safety of geological disposal for high-level radioactive waste relies critically on the effective retardation of radionuclide migration by geological barriers. Given the characteristics of radionuclide migration processes at large spatiotemporal scales, hypergravity experiments and multi-scale numerical simulations have become essential tools for investigating long-term seepage and solute transport behaviors in fractured media. Research progress in hypergravity testing techniques for seepage and solute migration in fractured rock masses, similarity theories for hypergravity tests of fractured rock masses, and long-term safety evaluations of geological barriers was reviewed. To address current challenges such as the integrated preparation of micron-scale matrix and fracture systems, similarity theories for complex rough fractures, and coupled thermal-hydrological-mechanical-chemical (THMC) processes, future research should focus on the integrated printing of micro-fracture and pore structures, similarity theories for natural rough fracture structures in hypergravity experiments, multi-process response mechanisms, and full-process simulations spanning ten-thousand-year timescales.