A Holistic Review of Oncological Drug Targets and Trajectories of Resistance in Cancer Therapy

The prolonged and intricate history of oncological treatments has transitioned significantly since the introduction of chemotherapy. Substantial therapeutic benefits in cancer therapy have been achieved by the integration of conventional treatments with molecular biosciences and omics technologies. Human epidermal growth factor receptor, hormone receptors, and angiogenesis factors are among the established therapies in tumor reduction and managing side effects. Novel targeted therapies like KRAS G12C, Claudin-18 isoform 2 (CLDN18.2), Trophoblast cell-surface antigen 2 (TROP2), and epigenetic regulators emphasize their promise in advancing precision medicine. However, in many cases, the resistance mechanisms associated with these interventions render them ineffective in carrying out their functions. The purpose of this review is to provide a comprehensive and up-to-date examination of both established and emerging drug targets and mechanisms of treatment resistance in oncology. This review seeks to elucidate recent advancements, address persisting challenges, and explore opportunities for innovative developments in cancer target research. Additionally, it explores the growing role of artificial intelligence in reshaping cancer drug discovery and development frameworks as potential avenues for future research. In conclusion, innovative approaches in oncology, supported by pharmacological research, ongoing clinical trials, molecular biosciences, and artificial intelligence, are poised to significantly transform cancer treatment.