Association among Noncoding-RNAs, APRO Family Proteins, and Gut Microbiota in the Development of Breast Cancer

The non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are a family of single-stranded RNAs that have become recognized as crucial gene expression regulators in normal and cancer cell biology. The gut microbiota, which consists of several different bacteria, can actively contribute to the regulation of host metabolism, immunity, and inflammation. Roles of ncRNAs and gut microbiota could significantly interact with each other to regulate the growth of various types of cancer. In particular, a causal relationship among ncRNAs, gut microbiota, and immune cells has been shown for their potential importance in the development of breast cancer. Alteration of ncRNA expression and/or gut microbiota profiles could also influence several intracellular signaling pathways with the function of anti-proliferative (APRO) family proteins associated with the malignancy. Targeting ncRNAs and/or APRO family proteins for the treatment of various cancers has been revealed with novel immune therapies. Here, the most recent studies to underline the key role of ncRNAs, APRO family proteins, and gut microbiota in breast cancer progression have been discussed. For more effective breast cancer therapy, it would be imperative to figure out the collective mechanism of ncRNAs, APRO family proteins, and gut microbiota.