Heat Transport and Thermal Efficiency in Magnetohydrodynamics Ternary Hybrid Nanofluid Flow past a Vertical Deformable Surface with Viscous Dissipation and Joule Heating Effects

Efficient thermal management in porous media is essential for advanced engineering applications, including solar energy systems, electronic cooling, and aerospace thermal control. This study presents a comprehensive analysis of ternary hybrid nanofluids, TiO₂–CdTe–MoS₂ dispersed in water, flowing over a vertical stretching or shrinking surface in a Darcy–Brinkman porous medium. The investigation accounts for the combined effects of magnetohydrodynamics, thermal radiation, viscous dissipation, and internal heat generation. In contrast to previous studies that predominantly focused on single or binary nanofluids, the present work systematically examines the thermal and hydrodynamic performance of ternary hybrid nanofluids, highlighting their enhanced heat transport capabilities in porous structures. The governing momentum and energy equations are formulated in nondimensional form and solved numerically using the shifted Legendre collocation method. The results show that increasing the magnetic parameter, M = 0–4, suppresses the fluid velocity by up to 28%, while stronger thermal radiation, R = 0–5, raises the near-surface temperature by approximately 32%. Viscous dissipation and internal heat generation further enhance the Nusselt number, indicating improved heat transfer performance. Overall, the findings demonstrate the synergistic influence of the three nanoparticles in optimizing flow behavior and thermal characteristics, offering valuable insights for the design of high-performance thermal management systems in energy and aerospace applications.