Multiscale Numerical Simulation of Dynamic Damage and Fracture in Metallic Materials: A Review

This paper provides a comprehensive review of recent advances in multi-scale modeling for simulating dynamic damage and fracture in metallic materials, a critical area due to the widespread application of metals and their susceptibility to complex failure in engineering practice. The paper first outlines the mechanisms of damage evolution and crack propagation across different spatial and temporal scales. It then introduces commonly used simulation approaches spanning micro- to macro-scales for studying damage and fracture in metals, analyzing the evolution of mechanical properties from defect initiation to ultimate failure, and elucidating the underlying damage mechanisms at different scales. Finally, the review summarizes multi-scale coupling strategies and mechanisms, as well as the integration of machine learning (ML) into multi-scale frameworks. These advanced approaches are recognized as key tools for improving predictive accuracy and computational efficiency, facilitating the scalability of multi-scale damage modeling for metallic materials in large-scale engineering applications and digital twin platforms. This review aims to provide a theoretical foundation for future research toward more reliable, efficient, and predictive multi-scale modeling of metallic materials.