Edge-Fog Enhanced Post-Quantum Network Security: Applications, Challenges and Solutions

With the rapid advancement of ICT and IoT technologies, the integration of Edge and Fog Computing has become essential to meet the increasing demands for real-time data processing and network efficiency. However, these technologies face critical security challenges, exacerbated by the emergence of quantum computing, which threatens traditional encryption methods. The rise in cyber-attacks targeting IoT and Edge/Fog networks underscores the need for robust, quantum-resistant security solutions. To address these challenges, researchers are focusing on Quantum Key Distribution and Post-Quantum Cryptography, which utilize quantum-resistant algorithms and the principles of quantum mechanics to ensure data confidentiality and integrity. This paper reviews the current security practices in IoT and Edge/Fog environments, explores the latest advancements in QKD and PQC technologies, and discusses their integration into distributed computing systems. Additionally, this paper proposes an enhanced QKD protocol combining the Cascade protocol and Kyber algorithm to address existing limitations. Finally, we highlight future research directions aimed at improving the scalability, efficiency, and practicality of QKD and PQC for securing IoT and Edge/Fog networks against evolving quantum threats.