Expert Consensus on Nutritional Support for Children with Congenital Heart Disease (2023 Edition)

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), Jirong Qi^¹, Zhuoming Xu^³, Ying Wang^⁴, Weihui Yan^⁴, Shoujun Li^⁵, Nianguo Dong^⁶, Xinxin Chen^⁷, Jinfen Liu^³, Qiang Shu^⁸, Jimei Chen^⁹, Haibo Zhang^³, Hao Zhang^¹⁰, Quansheng Xing^¹¹, Qi An^¹², Xiaofeng Li^¹³, Xu Wang^¹⁴, Yan He^¹⁵, Junwu Su^¹⁶, Taibing Fan^¹⁷, Teng Ming^¹⁸, Weibing Tang^¹⁹, Li Hong^²⁰, Jinghao Zheng^³, Ming Ye^²¹, Guocheng Sun^²², Yiqun Ding^²³, Liang Tao^²⁴, Yifeng Yang^²⁵, Zhongshi Wu^²⁵, Hua Cao^²⁶, Qiang Wang^¹⁶, Keming Yang^⁵, Libing Zhang^²⁷, Ping Wen^²⁸, Yanqin Cui^²⁹, Bo Zhai^³⁰, Yong Zou^¹⁸, Qingya Tang^³¹, Rui Chen^¹¹, Chun Wu^³², Zhiyu Feng^³³, Caixia Liu^³⁴, Yaping Mi^²¹, Rufang Zhang^³⁵, Ke Lin^¹², Xin Li^³⁶, Mingan Pi^³⁷, Xiangming Fan^⁸, Shanshan Shi^³⁸, Peng Huang^³⁹, Zhengxia Pan^³², Jiafeng Qi^⁴⁰, Renwei Chen^⁴¹, Shuguang Tao^⁴², Yaqin Shu^¹, Huifeng Zhang^²¹, Lan Jiang^¹, Min Da^¹, Nishant Patel^¹, Liang Hu^¹, Cardiac Surgery Group of Pediatric Surgery Society of Chinese Medical Association, Parenteral Enteral Nutrition Society of Chinese Medical Association

Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210008, China

Department of Pediatric Surgery and Nutrition, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200092, China

Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China

Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200092, China

Pediatric Cardiac Surgery Center, Fuwai Hospital, National Centre for Cardiovascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100037, China

Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China

Cardiovascular Center, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, China

Department of Cardiac Surgery, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, 310052, China

Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 519041, China

Heart Center and Shanghai Institue of Pediatric Congenital Heart Disease, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, National Children’s Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China

Heart Center, Qingdao Women and Children’s Hospital, Qingdao, 266034, China

Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China

Department of Cardiac Surgery, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing, 100045, China

Department of Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100037, China

Department of ICU in Pediatric Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100029, China

Department of Pediatric Cardiac Surgery, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100029, China

Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Central China Fuwai Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 451460, China

Pediatric Heart Disease Treatment Center of Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Provincial Children’s Hospital, Nanchang, 330006, China

Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210008, China

Department of Clinical Nutrition, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China

Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, 201102, China

Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, 710032, China

Department of Pediatric Cardiology, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518038, China

Department of Cardiac Surgery, Wuhan Asia Heart Hospital, Wuhan, 430056, China

Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, China

Department of Cardiac Surgery, Fujian Children’s Hospital (Fujian Branch of Shanghai Children’s Medical Center), College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics and Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, China

Department of Pediatric Surgery, Chengdu Women’s and Children’s Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China

Heart Center, Dalian Municipal Women and Children’s Medical Center (Group), Dalian, 116699, China

Cardiac Intensive Care Unit, The Heart Center, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, China

Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Children’s Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Henan Children’s Hospital, Zhengzhou Children’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, 451161, China

Department of Clinical Nutrition, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200092, China

Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China

Department of Cardiac Surgery, Qilu Children’s Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250022, China

Department of Cardiology, Children’s Hospital of Shanxi, Women Health Center of Shanxi, Taiyuan, 030025, China

Department of Pediatric Cardiothoracic Surgery, Shanghai Children’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200062, China

Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Children’s Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215002, China

Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Wuhan Children’s Hospital (Wuhan Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430019, China

Department of Cardiac Intensive Care Unit, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, 310052, China

Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Hunan Children’s Hospital, Changsha, 410007, China

Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Harbin Children’s Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150010, China

Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Hainan Women and Children’s Medical Center, Haikou, 571103, China

Department of Cardiac Surgery, Children’s Hospital in Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, 050200, China

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Abstract

The second edition of the expert consensus on pediatric nutrition was formed based on a global update of pediatric nutrition guidelines or consensus worldwide, the management of congenital heart disease, and the results of multi-center clinical nutrition research for congenital heart disease following the first Chinese consensus edition of 2016. The consensus was also shaped by the results of three discussion sessions and two questionnaires conducted by the 13-member collaboration group. This process was informed by both clinical guidelines and expert consensus. The quality of literature, both in English and Chinese, and the level of recommendations were evaluated using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluations (GRADE) system.