Revisiting Vesicle Trafficking in Astrocytes

Astrocytes contribute to central nervous system (CNS) homeostasis by taking up and releasing various transmitters, ions, water, and energy molecules, thereby modulating neuronal function and maintaining the blood-brain barrier. The dynamic delivery, retrieval, and recycling of transporters, channels, receptors, and vesicular cargo at the astrocyte plasma membrane are regulated by the cytoskeleton networks composed of microtubules, actin filaments, and intermediate filaments. Increasing evidence indicates that changes in vesicle trafficking disrupt astrocyte–neuron communication and contribute to CNS dysfunction in pathological conditions. This review presents recent findings on vesicle trafficking in astrocytes with emphasis on the cytoskeletal mechanisms that govern vesicle mobility and membrane availability of key transporters, channels, and receptors. We also discuss the trafficking of neuroactive peptides, gliotransmitters, and neurotropic pathogens within astrocytes. This review highlights vesicle trafficking as a central regulator of astrocyte function and CNS homeostasis and identifies critical gaps that remain to be addressed.