Cross-Talk between Next-Generation Probiotics and the Immune System

The gut microbiome is a complex community of microorganisms that plays a direct role in the health of both the gastrointestinal tract and the entire body. Numerous factors influence the abundance and diversity of gut microbiota. Microbial imbalance can contribute to disease development. Probiotics are biologically active supplements with promising properties that have high therapeutic potential. Currently, there is a tendency to switch from classic probiotic microorganisms represented by lactic acid bacteria to next-generation probiotics due to their unique ability to influence the human immune system. New-generation probiotics include bacteria such as Akkermansia muciniphila, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Bacteroides sp., Prevotella sp., Roseburia sp., and Eubacterium sp. Next-generation probiotics can affect host immune cells by secreting various substances, such as butyrate in F. prausnitzii, or through interaction with Toll-like receptors of intestinal epithelial cells, such as A. muciniphila. Studying the role of next-generation probiotics in immune regulation is a promising area of research. This study describes the interactions of next-generation probiotics with the immune system. Understanding the mechanisms of such interactions will improve the treatment of various diseases.