AI Chat Paper
Note: Please note that the following content is generated by AMiner AI. SciOpen does not take any responsibility related to this content.
{{lang === 'zh_CN' ? '文章概述' : 'Summary'}}
{{lang === 'en_US' ? '中' : 'Eng'}}
Chat more with AI
PDF (4.3 MB)
Collect
Submit Manuscript AI Chat Paper
Show Outline
Outline
Show full outline
Hide outline
Outline
Show full outline
Hide outline
Open Access

A Trust-Based Hierarchical Consensus Mechanism for Consortium Blockchain in Smart Grid

School of Computer Science (National Pilot Software Engineering School), Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China
Institute of Food safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210000, China
Computer Science and Engineering Department, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar
Show Author Information

Abstract

As the smart grid develops rapidly, abundant connected devices offer various trading data. This raises higher requirements for secure and effective data storage. Traditional centralized data management does not meet the above requirements. Currently, smart grid with conventional consortium blockchain can solve the above issues. However, in the face of a large number of nodes, existing consensus algorithms often perform poorly in terms of efficiency and throughput. In this paper, we propose a trust-based hierarchical consensus mechanism (THCM) to solve this problem. Firstly, we design a hierarchical mechanism to improve the efficiency and throughput. Then, intra-layer nodes use an improved Raft consensus algorithm and inter-layer nodes use the Byzantine Fault Tolerance algorithm. Thirdly, we propose a trust evaluation method to improve the election process of Raft. Finally, we implement a prototype system to evaluate the performance of THCM. The results demonstrate that the consensus efficiency is improved by 19.8%, the throughput is improved by 12.34%, and the storage is reduced by 37.9%.

References

[1]
L. Lyu, K. Nandakumar, B. Rubinstein, J. Jin, J. Bedo, and M. Palaniswami, PPFA: Privacy preserving fog-enabled aggregation in smart grid, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, vol.14, no. 8, pp. 37333744, 2018.
[2]
T. Wang, Y. Lu, J. Wang, H. N. Dai, X. Zheng, and W. Jia, EIHDP: Edge-intelligent hierarchical dynamic pricing based on cloud-edge-client collaboration for IoT systems, IEEE Transactions on Computers, vol. 70, no. 8, pp. 12851298, 2021.
[3]
Y. Dai, D. Xu, S. Maharjan, Z. Chen, Q. He, and Y. Zhang, Blockchain and deep reinforcement learning empowered intelligent 5G beyond, IEEE Network, vol. 33, no. 3, pp. 1017, 2019.
[4]
N. Abbas, Y. Zhang, A. Taherkordi, and T. Skeie, Mobile edge computing: A survey, IEEE Internet of Things Journal, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 450465, 2018.
[5]
S. Wang, X. Zhang, Y. Zhang, L. Wang, J. Yang, and W. Wang, A survey on mobile edge networks: Convergence of computing, caching and communications, IEEE Access, vol. 5, pp. 67576779, 2017.
[6]
B. Panajotovic, M. Jankovic, and B. Odadzic, Ict and smart grid, in Proc. 10th International Conference on Telecommunication in Modern Satellite Cable and Broadcasting Services (TELSIKS), Nis, Serbia, 2011, pp. 118121.
[7]
A. Yousefpour, C. Fung, T. Nguyen, K. Kadiyala, F. Jalali, A. Niakanlahiji, J. Kong, and J. P. Jue, All one needs to know about fog computing and related edge computing paradigms: A complete survey, Journal of Systems Architecture, vol. 98, pp. 289330, 2019.
[8]
K. Gai, Y. Wu, L. Zhu, L. Xu, and Y. Zhang, Permissioned blockchain and edge computing empowered privacy-preserving smart grid networks, IEEE Internet of Things Journal, vol. 6, no. 5, pp. 79928004, 2019.
[9]
A. S. Musleh, G. Yao, and S. M. Muyeen, Blockchain applications in smart grid–review and frameworks, IEEE Access, vol. 7, pp. 8674686757, 2019.
[10]
M. Akhtaruzzaman, M. K. Hasan, S. R. Kabir, S. N. H. S. Abdullah, M. J. Sadeq, and E. Hossain, Hsic bottleneck based distributed deep learning model for load forecasting in smart grid with a comprehensive survey, IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp. 222977223008, 2020.
[11]
B. Ramachandran, S. K. Srivastava, C. S. Edrington, and D. A. Cartes, An intelligent auction scheme for smart grid market using a hybrid immune algorithm, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 58, no. 10, pp. 46034612, 2011.
[12]
J. Matamoros, D. Gregoratti, and M. Dohler, Microgrids energy trading in islanding mode, in Proc. IEEE 3rd International Conference on Smart Grid Communications (SmartGridComm), Tainan, China, 2012, pp. 4954.
[13]
S. Chen, N. B. Shroff, and P. Sinha, Energy trading in the smart grid: From end-user’s perspective, in Proc. 2013 Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems and Computers, Pacific Grove, CA, USA, 2013, pp. 327331.
[14]
M. Pilz and L. Al-Fagih, Recent advances in local energy trading in the smart grid based on game-theoretic approaches, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 13631371, 2019.
[15]
P. Kumar, Y. Lin, G. Bai, A. Paverd, J. S. Dong, and A. Martin, Smart grid metering networks: A survey on security, privacy and open research issues, IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 28862927, 2019.
[16]
P. Ghosh, S. Eisele, A. Dubey, M. Metelko, I. Madari, P. Volgyesi, and G. Karsai, Designing a decentralized fault-tolerant software framework for smart grids and its applications, Journal of Systems Architecture, vol. 109, p. 101759, 2020.
[17]
Z. Zheng, S. Xie, H. Dai, X. Chen, and H. Wang, An overview of blockchain technology: Architecture, consensus, and future trends, in Proc. 2017 IEEE International Congress on Big Data (BigData Congress), Honolulu, HI, USA, 2017, pp. 557564.
[18]
S. Xu, X. Chen, and Y. He, Evchain: An anonymous blockchain-based system for charging-connected electric vehicles, Tsinghua Science and Technology, vol. 26, no. 6, pp. 845856, 2021.
[19]
R. Wang, L. Zhang, Q. Xu, and H. Zhou, K-bucket based raft-like consensus algorithm for permissioned blockchain, in Proc. 2019 IEEE 25th International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Systems (ICPADS), Tianjin, China, 2019, pp. 996999.
[20]
M. Castro and B. Liskov, Practical Byzantine fault tolerance and proactive recovery, ACM Transactions on Computer Systems, vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 398461, 2002.
[21]
L. Lamport, Paxos made simple, ACM Sigact News, vol. 32, no. 4, pp. 5158, 2001.
[22]
S. Gao, T. Yu, J. Zhu, and W. Cai, T-PBFT: An eigentrust-based practical byzantine fault tolerance consensus algorithm, China Communications, vol. 16, no. 12, pp. 111123, 2019.
[24]
S. D. Kamvar, M. T. Schlosser, and H. Garcia-Molina, The eigentrust algorithm for reputation management in P2P networks, in Proc. the 12th International Conference on World Wide Web (WWW2003), Budapest, Hungary, 2003, pp. 640651.
[25]
Z. N. Mohammad, F. Farha, A. O. M. Abuassba, S. Yang, and F. Zhou, Access control and authorization in smart homes: A survey, Tsinghua Science and Technology, vol. 26, no. 6, pp. 906917, 2021.
[26]
T. Wang, Y. Liu, X. Zheng, H. N. Dai, W. Jia, and M. Xie, Edge-based communication optimization for distributed federated learning, IEEE Transactions on Network Science and Engineering, .
[27]
A. Dorri, M. Steger, S. S. Kanhere, and R. Jurdak, Blockchain: A distributed solution to automotive security and privacy, IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 55, no. 12, pp. 119125, 2017.
[28]
V. Gatteschi, F. Lamberti, C. Demartini, C. Pranteda, and V. Santamaría, To blockchain or not to blockchain: That is the question, IT Professional, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 6274, 2018.
[29]
Z. Li, J. Kang, R. Yu, D. Ye, Q. Deng, and Y. Zhang, Consortium blockchain for secure energy trading in industrial internet of things, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, vol. 14, no. 8, pp. 36903700, 2018.
[30]
S. Aggarwal, R. Chaudhary, G. S. Aujla, A. Jindal, A. Dua, and N. Kumar, Energychain: Enabling energy trading for smart homes using blockchains in smart grid ecosystem, in Proc. 1st ACM MobiHoc Workshop on Networking and Cybersecurity for Smart Cities, Los Angeles, CA, USA, 2018, pp. 16.
[31]
N. Z. Aitzhan and D. Svetinovic, Security and privacy in decentralized energy trading through multisignatures, blockchain and anonymous messaging streams, IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing, vol. 15, no. 5, pp. 840852, 2018.
[32]
D. Sikeridis, A. Bidram, M. Devetsikiotis, and M. J. Reno, A blockchain-based mechanism for secure data exchange in smart grid protection systems, in Proc. 2020 IEEE 17th Annual Consumer Communications Networking Conference (CCNC), Las Vegas, NV, USA, 2020, pp. 16.
[33]
M. Baza, M. Nabil, M. Ismail, M. Mahmoud, E. Serpedin, and M. A. Rahman, Blockchain-based charging coordination mechanism for smart grid energy storage units, in Proc. 2019 IEEE International Conference on Blockchain (Blockchain), Atlanta, GA, USA, 2019, pp. 504509.
[34]
W. Tong, X. Dong, and J. Zheng, Trust-PBFT: A peertrust-based practical byzantine consensus algorithm, in Proc. 2019 International Conference on Networking and Network Applications (NaNA), Daegu, Republic of Korea, 2019, pp. 344349.
[35]
K. Li, H. Li, H. Hou, K. Li, and Y. Chen, Proof of vote: A high-performance consensus protocol based on vote mechanism & consortium blockchain, presented at 2017 IEEE 19th International Conference on High Performance Computing and Communications, Bangkok, Thailand, 2017.
[36]
Y. Wang, S. Cai, C. Lin, Z. Chen, T. Wang, Z. Gao, and C. Zhou, Study of blockchains’s consensus mechanism based on credit, IEEE Access, vol. 7, pp. 1022410231, 2019.
[37]
J. Y. Ren, J. Z. Li, H. X. Liu, and T. Qin, Task offloading strategy with emergency handling and blockchain security in sdn-empowered and fog-assisted healthcare IoT, Tsinghua Science and Technology, .
[38]
J. Kang, R. Yu, X. Huang, S. Maharjan, Y. Zhang, and E. Hossain, Enabling localized peer-to-peer electricity trading among plug-in hybrid electric vehicles using consortium blockchains, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, vol. 13, no. 6, pp. 31543164, 2017.
[39]
K. Gai, Y. Wu, L. Zhu, M. Qiu, and M. Shen, Privacy-preserving energy trading using consortium blockchain in smart grid, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, vol. 15, no. 6, pp. 35483558, 2019.
[40]
Y. Zhou, Y. Guan, Z. Zhang, and F. Li, A blockchainbased access control scheme for smart grids, in Proc. 2019 International Conference on Networking and Network Applications (NaNA), Daegu, Republic of Korea, 2019, pp. 368373.
[41]
M. Fan and X. Zhang, Consortium blockchain based data aggregation and regulation mechanism for smart grid, IEEE Access, vol. 7, pp. 3592935940, 2019.
[42]
G. Bansal, A. Dua, G. S. Aujla, M. Singh, and N. Kumar, Smartchain: A smart and scalable blockchain consortium for smart grid systems, in Proc. 2019 IEEE International Conference on Communications Workshops (ICC Workshops), Shanghai, China, 2019, pp. 16.
[43]
R. Bayindir, I. Colak, G. Fulli, and K. Demirtas, Smart grid technologies and applications, Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 66, pp. 499516, 2016.
[44]
H. Xu, L. Zhang, Y. Liu, and B. Cao, Raft based wireless blockchain networks in the presence of malicious jamming, IEEE Wireless Communications Letters, vol. 9, no. 6, pp. 817821, 2020.
[45]
X. S. Zhao and Y. C. Cai, Research of weighting method based on beta distribution, in Proc. 2015 7th International Conference on Intelligent Human-Machine Systems and Cybernetics, Hangzhou, China, 2015, pp. 5052.
[46]
N. Y. Ermolova and O. Tirkkonen, Using beta distributions for modeling distances in random finite networks, IEEE Communications Letters, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 308311, 2016.
[47]
Y. Ephraim and N. Merhav, Hidden markov processes, IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, vol. 48, no. 6, pp. 15181569, 2002.
Tsinghua Science and Technology
Pages 69-81
Cite this article:
Jiang X, Sun A, Sun Y, et al. A Trust-Based Hierarchical Consensus Mechanism for Consortium Blockchain in Smart Grid. Tsinghua Science and Technology, 2023, 28(1): 69-81. https://doi.org/10.26599/TST.2021.9010074

1093

Views

53

Downloads

12

Crossref

10

Web of Science

18

Scopus

0

CSCD

Altmetrics

Received: 01 October 2021
Accepted: 13 October 2021
Published: 21 July 2022
© The author(s) 2023.

The articles published in this open access journal are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

Return