Titanium dioxide@polyoxometalate-organic framework as an efficient photocatalyst for dye degradation under visible light conditions

The quality of the ecological environment is closely related to human health. Organic dyes emitted from textile industries, such as rhodamine B (RhB) and methylene blue (MB), pose a significant risk for illness in humans, thus shortening their life span. Photocatalysis is an effective and environment-friendly approach for the degradation of dyes. TiO₂ has gained attention as a prospective photocatalyst since its initial use in single-crystal electrodes for water photolysis. However, its wide band gap substantially hampers its photocatalytic rate. Thus, to reduce the band gap and the recombination rates of electron–hole pairs, we incorporated TiO₂ into polyoxometalate-organic frameworks (POMOFs), specifically {[Ni₆(OH)₃(H₂O)₅(PW₉O₃₄)](1,2,4-Hbtc)}·H₂enMe·5H₂O, to create a composite cluster TiO₂@Ni₆-POMOF. Composites with 1 wt.% Ni₆-POMOFs exhibited the best photocatalytic efficiency and displayed high photocatalytic rates in a strongly acidic environment when used to degrade RhB and MB under visible light (450 nm). The successful integration of POMOFs with TiO₂ not only offers innovative design concepts for photocatalysts with complex structures but also opens a new approach for the development of POMOF catalysts in the future.