Journal Home > Volume 2 , Issue 1
Nano TransMed 2023, 2(1): e9130018 https://doi.org/10.26599/NTM.2023.9130018
Review Article | Open Access | Issue | Published: 30 March 2023

Nano-immunotherapy for lung cancer

Show Author's Information Yuting Lu1,§,  Tangye Zeng1,§,  Huamiao Zhang1,  Yang Li1,  Xiaoling Zhu1,  Huiping Liu1,  Beibei Sun1,  Chaoran Ji1,  Ting Li1,  Leyi Huang1,  Kesong Peng2( ),  Zhe Tang1( ),  Longguang Tang1( )
Regeneration and Aging Medical Center, International Institutes of Medicine, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu 322000, China
Metabolic Medicine Center, International Institutes of Medicine, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu 322000, China

§ Yuting Lu and Tangye Zeng contributed equally to this work.

Keywords:
immunotherapy, lung cancer, drug delivery, nanomedicine, chimeric antigen receptor-modified T cells (CAR-T cells)
Cite this article:
Lu Y, Zeng T, Zhang H, et al. Nano-immunotherapy for lung cancer. Nano TransMed, 2023, 2(1): e9130018. https://doi.org/10.26599/NTM.2023.9130018
Download citation
EndNote(RIS)
BibTeX

967

Views

145

Downloads

Citations

1

Crossref

N/A

WoS

N/A

Scopus

N/A

CSCD

Abstract Full text About this article

Lung cancer has the highest incidence and mortality rate worldwide. Immunotherapy is a universal treatment for lung cancer, but its overall treatment remains a challenge. Tumor immunoediting is a process in which the immune system restricts or promotes tumor development through elimination, equilibrium, and escape to change tumor immunogenicity and obtain an immunosuppressive mechanism to promote disease progression. An increasing number of immunotherapy drugs, including monoclonal antibody-targeting drugs and chimeric antigen (Ag) receptor-modified T cells (CAR-T cells), have been used in clinical therapy. Additionally, cancer vaccine development and new clustered regularly spaced short palindromes (CRISPR)-based combination therapies against cancer open up new avenues for immunotherapy. However, these immunotherapies cause autoimmune induction and non-specific inflammation, with many limitations. The development and study of nanoparticle systems have shown the possibility of localization, pharmacokinetic programming, and immunomodulator co-delivery. Rapid advances in nanotechnology over the past decade have provided a strategic impetus for cancer immunotherapy improvements. Nanotechnology advancements in various aspects, such as virus-like size, high surface–volume ratio, and surface modifications to precisely target specific cell types, can be investigated through cancer vaccine and immunomodulator delivery system development. This review presents the current immunotherapy approaches for lung cancer and emphasizes the current process and prospects of the fusion of cancer immunotherapy, nanotechnology, bioengineering, and drug delivery.


menu
Abstract
Full text
Outline
About this article

Nano-immunotherapy for lung cancer

Show Author's information Yuting Lu1,§, Tangye Zeng1,§, Huamiao Zhang1, Yang Li1, Xiaoling Zhu1, Huiping Liu1, Beibei Sun1, Chaoran Ji1, Ting Li1, Leyi Huang1, Kesong Peng2( ), Zhe Tang1( ), Longguang Tang1( )
Regeneration and Aging Medical Center, International Institutes of Medicine, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu 322000, China
Metabolic Medicine Center, International Institutes of Medicine, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu 322000, China

§ Yuting Lu and Tangye Zeng contributed equally to this work.

Abstract

Lung cancer has the highest incidence and mortality rate worldwide. Immunotherapy is a universal treatment for lung cancer, but its overall treatment remains a challenge. Tumor immunoediting is a process in which the immune system restricts or promotes tumor development through elimination, equilibrium, and escape to change tumor immunogenicity and obtain an immunosuppressive mechanism to promote disease progression. An increasing number of immunotherapy drugs, including monoclonal antibody-targeting drugs and chimeric antigen (Ag) receptor-modified T cells (CAR-T cells), have been used in clinical therapy. Additionally, cancer vaccine development and new clustered regularly spaced short palindromes (CRISPR)-based combination therapies against cancer open up new avenues for immunotherapy. However, these immunotherapies cause autoimmune induction and non-specific inflammation, with many limitations. The development and study of nanoparticle systems have shown the possibility of localization, pharmacokinetic programming, and immunomodulator co-delivery. Rapid advances in nanotechnology over the past decade have provided a strategic impetus for cancer immunotherapy improvements. Nanotechnology advancements in various aspects, such as virus-like size, high surface–volume ratio, and surface modifications to precisely target specific cell types, can be investigated through cancer vaccine and immunomodulator delivery system development. This review presents the current immunotherapy approaches for lung cancer and emphasizes the current process and prospects of the fusion of cancer immunotherapy, nanotechnology, bioengineering, and drug delivery.

Keywords: immunotherapy, lung cancer, drug delivery, nanomedicine, chimeric antigen receptor-modified T cells (CAR-T cells)

References(109)

[1]

Bade, B. C.; Cruz, C. S. C. Lung cancer 2020. Clin. Chest Med. 2020, 41, 1–24.
DOI Google Scholar
[2]

Bray, F.; Ferlay, J.; Soerjomataram, I.; Siegel, R. L.; Torre, L. A.; Jemal, A. Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA: A Cancer J. Clin. 2018, 68, 394–424.
DOI Google Scholar
[3]

Chen, Z.; Fillmore, C. M.; Hammerman, P. S.; Kim, C. F.; Wong, K. K. Non-small-cell lung cancers: A heterogeneous set of diseases. Nat. Rev. Cancer 2014, 14, 535–546.
DOI Google Scholar
[4]

Marx, A.; Chan, J. K. C.; Coindre, J. M.; Detterbeck, F.; Girard, N.; Harris, N. L.; Jaffe, E. S.; Kurrer, M. O.; Marom, E. M.; Moreira, A. L. et al. The 2015 world health organization classification of tumors of the thymus: Continuity and changes. J. Thorac. Oncol. 2015, 10, 1383–1395.
DOI Google Scholar
[5]

Chen, L.; Chen, F. K.; Li, J. D.; Pu, Y. Z.; Yang, C. H.; Wang, Y.; Lei, Y. J.; Huang, Y. C. CAR-T cell therapy for lung cancer: Potential and perspective. Thorac. Cancer 2022, 13, 889–899.
DOI Google Scholar
[6]

Osmani, L.; Askin, F.; Gabrielson, E.; Li, Q. K. Current WHO guidelines and the critical role of immunohistochemical markers in the subclassification of non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC): Moving from targeted therapy to immunotherapy. Semin. Cancer Biol. 2018, 52, 103–109.
DOI Google Scholar
[7]

Qu, J. J.; Mei, Q. H.; Chen, L. J.; Zhou, J. Y. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T-cell therapy in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC): Current status and future perspectives. Cancer Immunol. Immunother. 2021, 70, 619–631.
DOI Google Scholar
[8]

Villaruz, L. C.; Socinski, M. A. Personalized therapy for non-small-cell lung cancer: Which drug for which patient? Semin. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 2011, 23, 281–290.
DOI Google Scholar
[9]

Redondo-Sánchez, D.; Petrova, D.; Rodríguez-Barranco, M.; Fernández-Navarro, P.; Jiménez-Moleón, J. J.; Sánchez, M. J. Socio-economic inequalities in lung cancer outcomes: An overview of systematic reviews. Cancers (Basel) 2022, 14, 398.
DOI Google Scholar
[10]

Abdalla, A. M. E.; Xiao, L.; Miao, Y.; Huang, L. X.; Fadlallah, G. M.; Gauthier, M.; Ouyang, C. X.; Yang, G. Nanotechnology promotes genetic and functional modifications of therapeutic T cells against cancer. Adv. Sci. (Weinh.) 2020, 7, 1903164.
DOI Google Scholar
[11]

Reda, M.; Ngamcherdtrakul, W.; Nelson, M. A.; Siriwon, N.; Wang, R. J.; Zaidan, H. Y.; Bejan, D. S.; Reda, S.; Hoang, N. H.; Crumrine, N. A. et al. Development of a nanoparticle-based immunotherapy targeting PD-L1 and PLK1 for lung cancer treatment. Nat. Commun. 2022, 13, 4261.
DOI Google Scholar
[12]

De Jong, W. H.; Borm, P. J. A. Drug delivery and nanoparticles: Applications and hazards. Int. J. Nanomedicine 2008, 3, 133–149.
DOI Google Scholar
[13]

Suresh, K.; Naidoo, J.; Lin, C. T.; Danoff, S. Immune checkpoint immunotherapy for non-small cell lung cancer: Benefits and pulmonary toxicities. Chest 2018, 154, 1416–1423.
DOI Google Scholar
[14]

Zhou, F.; Qiao, M.; Zhou, C. C. The cutting-edge progress of immune-checkpoint blockade in lung cancer. Cell. Mol. Immunol. 2021, 18, 279–293.
DOI Google Scholar
[15]

Sharma, P.; Siddiqui, B. A.; Anandhan, S.; Yadav, S. S.; Subudhi, S. K.; Gao, J. J.; Goswami, S.; Allison, J. P. The next decade of immune checkpoint therapy. Cancer Discov. 2021, 11, 838–857.
DOI Google Scholar
[16]

Bagchi, S.; Yuan, R.; Engleman, E. G. Immune checkpoint inhibitors for the treatment of cancer: Clinical impact and mechanisms of response and resistance. Annu. Rev. Pathol. Mech. Dis. 2021, 16, 223–249.
DOI Google Scholar
[17]

Kubli, S. P.; Berger, T.; Araujo, D. V.; Siu, L. L.; Mak, T. W. Beyond immune checkpoint blockade: Emerging immunological strategies. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 2021, 20, 899–919.
DOI Google Scholar
[18]

Steven, A.; Fisher, S. A.; Robinson, B. W. Immunotherapy for lung cancer. Respirology 2016, 21, 821–833.
DOI Google Scholar
[19]

Qin, S.; Xu, L. P.; Yi, M.; Yu, S. N.; Wu, K. M.; Luo, S. X. Novel immune checkpoint targets: Moving beyond PD-1 and CTLA-4. Mol. Cancer 2019, 18, 155.
DOI Google Scholar
[20]

Wang, X.; Guo, G. C.; Guan, H.; Yu, Y.; Lu, J.; Yu, J. M. Challenges and potential of PD-1/PD-L1 checkpoint blockade immunotherapy for glioblastoma. J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res. 2019, 38, 87.
DOI Google Scholar
[21]

Ribas, A.; Wolchok, J. D. Cancer immunotherapy using checkpoint blockade. Science 2018, 359, 1350–1355
DOI Google Scholar
[22]

Mok, T. S. K.; Wu, Y. L.; Kudaba, I.; Kowalski, D. M.; Cho, B. C.; Turna, H. Z.; Castro, G.; Srimuninnimit, V.; Laktionov, K. K.; Bondarenko, I. et al. Pembrolizumab versus chemotherapy for previously untreated, PD-L1-expressing, locally advanced or metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer (KEYNOTE-042): A randomised, open-label, controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet 2019, 393, 1819–1830.
DOI Google Scholar
[23]

Reck, M.; Remon, J.; Hellmann, M. D. First-line immunotherapy for non-small-cell lung cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 2022, 40, 586–597.
DOI Google Scholar
[24]

Topalian, S. L.; Taube, J. M.; Anders, R. A.; Pardoll, D. M. Mechanism-driven biomarkers to guide immune checkpoint blockade in cancer therapy. Nat. Rev. Cancer 2016, 16, 275–287.
DOI Google Scholar
[25]

Liu, X. T.; Hogg, G. D.; DeNardo, D. G. Rethinking immune checkpoint blockade: “Beyond the T cell”. J. Immunother. Cancer 2021, 9, e001460.
DOI Google Scholar
[26]

Benci, J. L.; Johnson, L. R.; Choa, R.; Xu, Y. M.; Qiu, J. Y.; Zhou, Z. L.; Xu, B. H.; Ye, D.; Nathanson, K. L.; June, C. H. et al. Opposing functions of interferon coordinate adaptive and innate immune responses to cancer immune checkpoint blockade. Cell 2019, 178, 933–948.e14.
DOI Google Scholar
[27]

Rowshanravan, B.; Halliday, N.; Sansom, D. M. CTLA-4: A moving target in immunotherapy. Blood 2018, 131, 58–67.
DOI Google Scholar
[28]

Rudd, C. E.; Taylor, A.; Schneider, H. CD28 and CTLA-4 coreceptor expression and signal transduction. Immunol. Rev. 2009, 229, 12–26.
DOI Google Scholar
[29]

Yuan, J. D.; Gnjatic, S.; Li, H.; Powel, S.; Gallardo, H. F.; Ritter, E.; Ku, G. Y.; Jungbluth, A. A.; Segal, N. H.; Rasalan, T. S. et al. CTLA-4 blockade enhances polyfunctional NY-ESO-1 specific T cell responses in metastatic melanoma patients with clinical benefit. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2008, 105, 20410–20415.
DOI Google Scholar
[30]

Darvin, P.; Toor, S. M.; Nair, V. S.; Elkord, E. Immune checkpoint inhibitors: Recent progress and potential biomarkers. Exp. Mol. Med. 2018, 50, 1–11.
DOI Google Scholar
[31]

Kalbasi, A.; Ribas, A. Tumour-intrinsic resistance to immune checkpoint blockade. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 2020, 20, 25–39.
DOI Google Scholar
[32]

Marzec, M.; Zhang, Q.; Goradia, A.; Raghunath, P. N.; Liu, X. B.; Paessler, M.; Wang, H. Y.; Wysocka, M.; Cheng, M. G.; Ruggeri, B. A. et al. Oncogenic kinase NPM/ALK induces through STAT3 expression of immunosuppressive protein CD274 (PD-L1, B7-H1). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2008, 405, 20852–20857.
DOI Google Scholar
[33]

Larkin, J.; Lao, C. D.; Urba, W. J.; McDermott, D. F.; Horak, C.; Jiang, J.; Wolchok, J. D. Efficacy and safety of nivolumab in patients with BRAF V600 mutant and BRAF wild-type advanced melanoma: A pooled analysis of 4 clinical trials. JAMA Oncol. 2015, 1, 433–440.
DOI Google Scholar
[34]

Dantoing, E.; Piton, N.; Salaün, M.; Thiberville, L.; Guisier, F. Anti-PD1/PD-L1 immunotherapy for non-small cell lung cancer with actionable oncogenic driver mutations. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 6288.
DOI Google Scholar
[35]

Keir, M. E.; Butte, M. J.; Freeman, G. J.; Sharpe, A. H. PD-1 and its ligands in tolerance and immunity. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 2008, 26, 677–704.
DOI Google Scholar
[36]

Postow, M. A.; Sidlow, R.; Hellmann, M. D. Immune-related adverse events associated with immune checkpoint blockade. N. Engl. J. Med. 2018, 378, 158–168.
DOI Google Scholar
[37]

Sullivan, R. J.; Weber, J. S. Immune-related toxicities of checkpoint inhibitors: Mechanisms and mitigation strategies. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 2022, 21, 495–508.
DOI Google Scholar
[38]

Morad, G.; Helmink, B. A.; Sharma, P.; Wargo, J. A. Hallmarks of response, resistance, and toxicity to immune checkpoint blockade. Cell 2021, 184, 5309–5337.
DOI Google Scholar
[39]

Bejarano, L.; Jordāo, M. J. C.; Joyce, J. A. Therapeutic targeting of the tumor microenvironment. Cancer Discov. 2021, 11, 933–959.
DOI Google Scholar
[40]

Petitprez, F.; Meylan, M.; De Reyniès, A.; Sautès-Fridman, C.; Fridman, W. H. The tumor microenvironment in the response to immune checkpoint blockade therapies. Front. Immunol. 2020, 11, 784.
DOI Google Scholar
[41]

Musetti, S.; Huang, L. Nanoparticle-mediated remodeling of the tumor microenvironment to enhance immunotherapy. ACS Nano 2018, 12, 11740–11755.
DOI Google Scholar
[42]

Shi, Y.; Van Der Meel, R.; Chen, X. Y.; Lammers, T. The EPR effect and beyond: Strategies to improve tumor targeting and cancer nanomedicine treatment efficacy. Theranostics 2020, 10, 7921–7924.
DOI Google Scholar
[43]

Iyer, A. K.; Singh, A.; Ganta, S.; Amiji, M. M. Role of integrated cancer nanomedicine in overcoming drug resistance. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 2013, 65, 1784–1802.
DOI Google Scholar
[44]

Ramanathan, R. K.; Korn, R. L.; Raghunand, N.; Sachdev, J. C.; Newbold, R. G.; Jameson, G.; Fetterly, G. J.; Prey, J.; Klinz, S. G.; Kim, J. et al. Correlation between ferumoxytol uptake in tumor lesions by MRI and response to nanoliposomal irinotecan in patients with advanced solid tumors: A pilot study. Clin. Cancer Res. 2017, 23, 3638–3648.
DOI Google Scholar
[45]

Riley, R. S.; June, C. H.; Langer, R.; Mitchell, M. J. Delivery technologies for cancer immunotherapy. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 2019, 18, 175–196.
DOI Google Scholar
[46]

Teo, P. Y.; Yang, C.; Whilding, L. M.; Parente-Pereira, A. C.; Maher, J.; George, A. J. T.; Hedrick, J. L.; Yang, Y. Y.; Ghaem-Maghami, S. Ovarian cancer immunotherapy using PD-L1 siRNA targeted delivery from folic acid-functionalized polyethylenimine: Strategies to enhance T cell killing. Adv. Healthc. Mater. 2015, 4, 1180–1189.
DOI Google Scholar
[47]

Song, W. T.; Shen, L. M.; Wang, Y.; Liu, Q.; Goodwin, T. J.; Li, J. J.; Dorosheva, O.; Liu, T. Z.; Liu, R. H.; Huang, L. Synergistic and low adverse effect cancer immunotherapy by immunogenic chemotherapy and locally expressed PD-L1 trap. Nat. Commun. 2018, 9, 2237.
DOI Google Scholar
[48]

Lv, M. Z.; Chen, M. X.; Zhang, R.; Zhang, W.; Wang, C. G.; Zhang, Y.; Wei, X. M.; Guan, Y. K.; Liu, J. J.; Feng, K. C. et al. Manganese is critical for antitumor immune responses via cGAS-STING and improves the efficacy of clinical immunotherapy. Cell Res. 2020, 30, 966–979.
DOI Google Scholar
[49]

Nakamura, T.; Sato, T.; Endo, R.; Sasaki, S.; Takahashi, N.; Sato, Y.; Hyodo, M.; Hayakawa, Y.; Harashima, H. STING agonist loaded lipid nanoparticles overcome anti-PD-1 resistance in melanoma lung metastasis via NK cell activation. J. Immunother. Cancer 2021, 9, e002852.
DOI Google Scholar
[50]

Cen, D.; Ge, Q. W.; Xie, C. K.; Zheng, Q.; Guo, J. S.; Zhang, Y. Q.; Wang, Y. F.; Li, X.; Gu, Z.; Cai, X. J. ZnS@BSA nanoclusters potentiate efficacy of cancer immunotherapy. Adv. Mater. 2021, 33, 2104037.
DOI Google Scholar
[51]

Guan, X.; Sun, L. P.; Shen, Y. T.; Jin, F. S.; Bo, X. W.; Zhu, C. Y.; Han, X. X.; Li, X. L.; Chen, Y.; Xu, H. X. et al. Nanoparticle-enhanced radiotherapy synergizes with PD-L1 blockade to limit post-surgical cancer recurrence and metastasis. Nat. Commun. 2022, 13, 2834.
DOI Google Scholar
[52]

Xiao, Y. L.; Chen, J.; Zhou, H.; Zeng, X. D.; Ruan, Z. P.; Pu, Z. Y.; Jiang, X. Y.; Matsui, A.; Zhu, L. L.; Amoozgar, Z. et al. Combining p53 mRNA nanotherapy with immune checkpoint blockade reprograms the immune microenvironment for effective cancer therapy. Nat. Commun. 2022, 13, 758.
DOI Google Scholar
[53]

Awadasseid, A.; Wu, Y. L.; Tanaka, Y.; Zhang, W. Current Advances in the Development of SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines. Int. J. Biol. Sci. 2021, 17, 8–19.
DOI Google Scholar
[54]

Li, S. D.; Huang, L. Stealth nanoparticles: High density but sheddable PEG is a key for tumor targeting. J. Control. Release 2010, 145, 178–181.
DOI Google Scholar
[55]

Zou, Y.; Wei, Y. H.; Sun, Y. P.; Bao, J.; Yao, F. R.; Li, Z. K.; Meng, F. H.; Hu, C. H.; Storm, G.; Zhong, Z. Y. Cyclic RGD-functionalized and disulfide-crosslinked iodine-rich polymersomes as a robust and smart theranostic agent for targeted CT imaging and chemotherapy of tumor. Theranostics 2019, 9, 8061–8072.
DOI Google Scholar
[56]

Gorabi, A. M.; Ravari, M. S.; Sanaei, M. J.; Davaran, S.; Kesharwani, P.; Sahebkar, A. Immune checkpoint blockade in melanoma: Advantages, shortcomings and emerging roles of the nanoparticles. Int. Immunopharmacol. 2022, 113, 109300.
DOI Google Scholar
[57]

Granhøj, J. S.; Jensen, A. W. P.; Presti, M.; Met, Ö.; Svane, I. M.; Donia, M. Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes for adoptive cell therapy: Recent advances, challenges, and future directions. Exp. Opin. Biol. Ther. 2022, 22, 627–641.
DOI Google Scholar
[58]

Weber, J. S. At the bedside: Adoptive cell therapy for melanoma-clinical development. J. Leukoc. Biol. 2014, 95, 875–882.
DOI Google Scholar
[59]

Rapoport, A. P.; Stadtmauer, E. A.; Binder-Scholl, G. K.; Goloubeva, O.; Vogl, D. T.; Lacey, S. F.; Badros, A. Z.; Garfall, A.; Weiss, B.; Finklestein, J. et al. NY-ESO-1-specific TCR-engineered T cells mediate sustained antigen-specific antitumor effects in myeloma. Nat. Med. 2015, 21, 914–921.
DOI Google Scholar
[60]

Rozenbaum, M.; Meir, A.; Aharony, Y.; Itzhaki, O.; Schachter, J.; Bank, I.; Jacoby, E.; Besser, M. J. Gamma-delta CAR-T cells show CAR-directed and independent activity against leukemia. Front. Immunol. 2020, 11, 1347.
DOI Google Scholar
[61]

Yu, J. X.; Upadhaya, S.; Tatake, R.; Barkalow, F.; Hubbard-Lucey, V. M. Cancer cell therapies: The clinical trial landscape. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 2020, 19, 583–584.
DOI Google Scholar
[62]

D'Aloia, M. M.; Zizzari, I. G.; Sacchetti, B.; Pierelli, L.; Alimandi, M. CAR-T cells: The long and winding road to solid tumors. Cell Death Dis 2018, 9, 282.
DOI Google Scholar
[63]

Lin, H. L.; Cheng, J. L.; Mu, W.; Zhou, J. F.; Zhu, L. Advances in universal CAR-T cell therapy. Front. Immunol. 2021, 12, 744823.
DOI Google Scholar
[64]

Ramos, C. A.; Dotti, G. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-engineered lymphocytes for cancer therapy. Exp. Opin. Biol. Ther. 2011, 11, 855–873.
DOI Google Scholar
[65]

Zhang, C.; Liu, J.; Zhong, J. F.; Zhang, X. Engineering CAR-T cells. Biomark. Res. 2017, 5, 22.
DOI Google Scholar
[66]

Labanieh, L.; Majzner, R. G.; Mackall, C. L. Programming CAR-T cells to kill cancer. Nat. Biomed. Eng. 2018, 2, 377–391.
DOI Google Scholar
[67]

Sadelain, M.; Brentjens, R.; Rivière, I. The promise and potential pitfalls of chimeric antigen receptors. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 2009, 21, 215–223.
DOI Google Scholar
[68]

Roselli, E.; Faramand, R.; Davila, M. L. Insight into next-generation CAR therapeutics: Designing CAR T cells to improve clinical outcomes. J. Clin. Invest. 2021, 131, e142030.
DOI Google Scholar
[69]

Young, R. M.; Engel, N. W.; Uslu, U.; Wellhausen, N.; June, C. H. Next-generation CAR T-cell therapies. Cancer Discov. 2022, 12, 1625–1633.
DOI Google Scholar
[70]

Hirsh, V. Next-generation covalent irreversible kinase inhibitors in NSCLC: Focus on afatinib. BioDrugs 2015, 29, 167–183.
DOI Google Scholar
[71]

Andrea, A. E.; Chiron, A.; Mallah, S.; Bessoles, S.; Sarrabayrouse, G.; Hacein-Bey-Abina, S. Advances in CAR-T cell genetic engineering strategies to overcome hurdles in solid tumors treatment. Front. Immunol. 2022, 13, 830292.
DOI Google Scholar
[72]

Zhang, X. M.; Zhu, L. L.; Zhang, H.; Chen, S. S.; Xiao, Y. CAR-T cell therapy in hematological malignancies: Current opportunities and challenges. Front. Immunol. 2022, 13, 927153.
DOI Google Scholar
[73]

Billingsley, M. M.; Hamilton, A. G.; Mai, D.; Patel, S. K.; Swingle, K. L.; Sheppard, N. C.; June, C. H.; Mitchell, M. J. Orthogonal design of experiments for optimization of lipid nanoparticles for mRNA engineering of CAR T cells. Nano Lett. 2022, 22, 533–542.
DOI Google Scholar
[74]

Ma, L. Y.; Dichwalkar, T.; Chang, J. Y. H.; Cossette, B.; Garafola, D.; Zhang, A. Q.; Fichter, M.; Wang, C. S.; Liang, S.; Silva, M. et al. Enhanced CAR-T cell activity against solid tumors by vaccine boosting through the chimeric receptor. Science 2019, 365, 162–168.
DOI Google Scholar
[75]

Zhang, Z. Z.; Wang, T.; Wang, X. F.; Zhang, Y. Q.; Song, S. X.; Ma, C. Q. Improving the ability of CAR-T cells to hit solid tumors: Challenges and strategies. Pharmacol. Res. 2022, 175, 106036.
DOI Google Scholar
[76]

Majzner, R. G.; Mackall, C. L. Tumor antigen escape from CAR T-cell therapy. Cancer Discov. 2018, 8, 1219–1226.
DOI Google Scholar
[77]

Chen, Z.; Pan, H.; Luo, Y. M.; Yin, T.; Zhang, B. Z.; Liao, J. H.; Wang, M. M.; Tang, X. F.; Huang, G. J.; Deng, G. J. et al. Nanoengineered CAR-T biohybrids for solid tumor immunotherapy with microenvironment photothermal-remodeling strategy. Small 2021, 17, 2007494.
DOI Google Scholar
[78]

Billingsley, M. M.; Singh, N.; Ravikumar, P.; Zhang, R.; June, C. H.; Mitchell, M. J. Ionizable lipid nanoparticle-mediated mRNA delivery for human CAR T cell engineering. Nano Lett. 2020, 20, 1578–1589.
DOI Google Scholar
[79]

Luo, Y. M.; Chen, Z.; Sun, M. J.; Li, B. H.; Pan, F.; Ma, A. Q.; Liao, J. H.; Yin, T.; Tang, X. F.; Huang, G. J. et al. IL-12 nanochaperone-engineered CAR T cell for robust tumor-immunotherapy. Biomaterials 2022, 281, 121341.
DOI Google Scholar
[80]

DiTommaso, T.; Cole, J. M.; Cassereau, L.; Buggé, J. A.; Hanson, J. L. S.; Bridgen, D. T.; Stokes, B. D.; Loughhead, S. M.; Beutel, B. A.; Gilbert, J. B. et al. Cell engineering with microfluidic squeezing preserves functionality of primary immune cells in vivo. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2018, 115, E10907–E10914.
DOI Google Scholar
[81]

Hajj, K. A.; Whitehead, K. A. Tools for translation: Non-viral materials for therapeutic mRNA delivery. Nat. Rev. Mater. 2017, 2, 17056.
DOI Google Scholar
[82]

Bai, X. W.; Zhou, Y. M.; Yokota, Y.; Matsumoto, Y.; Zhai, B.; Maarouf, N.; Hayashi, H.; Carlson, R.; Zhang, S. H.; Sousa, A. et al. Adaptive antitumor immune response stimulated by bio-nanoparticle based vaccine and checkpoint blockade. J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res. 2022, 41, 132.
DOI Google Scholar
[83]

Nakahara, Y.; Kouro, T.; Igarashi, Y.; Kawahara, M.; Sasada, T. Prospects for a personalized peptide vaccine against lung cancer. Exp. Rev. Vacc. 2019, 18, 703–709.
DOI Google Scholar
[84]

Robbins, P. F.; Lu, Y. C.; El-Gamil, M.; Li, Y. F.; Gross, C.; Gartner, J.; Lin, J. C.; Teer, J. K.; Cliften, P.; Tycksen, E. et al. Mining exomic sequencing data to identify mutated antigens recognized by adoptively transferred tumor-reactive T cells. Nat. Med. 2013, 19, 747–752.
DOI Google Scholar
[85]

Gubin, M. M.; Zhang, X. L.; Schuster, H.; Caron, E.; Ward, J. P.; Noguchi, T.; Ivanova, Y.; Hundal, J.; Arthur, C. D.; Krebber, W. J. et al. Checkpoint blockade cancer immunotherapy targets tumour-specific mutant antigens. Nature 2014, 515, 577–581.
DOI Google Scholar
[86]

Chu, Y. H.; Liu, Q.; Wei, J.; Liu, B. R. Personalized cancer neoantigen vaccines come of age. Theranostics 2018, 8, 4238–4246.
DOI Google Scholar
[87]

Finn, O. J. Cancer vaccines: Between the idea and the reality. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 2003, 3, 630–641.
DOI Google Scholar
[88]

Vermaelen, K. Vaccine strategies to improve anti-cancer cellular immune responses. Front. Immunol. 2019, 10, 8.
DOI Google Scholar
[89]

Ding, Z. Y.; Li, Q.; Zhang, R.; Xie, L.; Shu, Y.; Gao, S.; Wang, P. P.; Su, X. Q.; Qin, Y.; Wang, Y. L. et al. Personalized neoantigen pulsed dendritic cell vaccine for advanced lung cancer. Signal Transduct. Target. Ther. 2021, 6, 26.
DOI Google Scholar
[90]

Wen, R.; Umeano, A. C.; Kou, Y.; Xu, J.; Farooqi, A. A. Nanoparticle systems for cancer vaccine. Nanomedicine (Lond.) 2019, 14, 627–648.
DOI Google Scholar
[91]

Wen, R.; Banik, B.; Pathak, R. K.; Kumar, A.; Kolishetti, N.; Dhar, S. Nanotechnology inspired tools for mitochondrial dysfunction related diseases. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 2016, 99, 52–69.
DOI Google Scholar
[92]

Liu, Q.; Fan, T. J.; Zheng, Y. Y.; Yang, S. L.; Yu, Z. Q.; Duo, Y.; Zhang, Y. H.; Adah, D.; Shi, L. L.; Sun, Z. et al. Immunogenic exosome-encapsulated black phosphorus nanoparticles as an effective anticancer photo-nanovaccine. Nanoscale 2020, 12, 19939–19952.
DOI Google Scholar
[93]

Xu, Z. H.; Ramishetti, S.; Tseng, Y. C.; Guo, S. T.; Wang, Y. H.; Huang, L. Multifunctional nanoparticles Co-delivering Trp2 peptide and CpG adjuvant induce potent cytotoxic T-lymphocyte response against melanoma and its lung metastasis. J. Control. Release 2013, 172, 259–265.
DOI Google Scholar
[94]

Li, J.; Li, J. J.; Peng, Y. W.; Du, Y. T.; Yang, Z. Z.; Qi, X. R. Dendritic cell derived exosomes loaded neoantigens for personalized cancer immunotherapies. J. Control. Release 2023, 353, 423–433.
DOI Google Scholar
[95]

Liu, Z. Q.; Shi, M. X.; Ren, Y. Q.; Xu, H.; Weng, S. Y.; Ning, W. J.; Ge, X. Y.; Liu, L.; Guo, C. G.; Duo, M. et al. Recent advances and applications of CRISPR-Cas9 in cancer immunotherapy. Mol. Cancer 2023, 22, 35.
DOI Google Scholar
[96]

Lacey, S. F.; Fraietta, J. A. First trial of CRISPR-edited t cells in lung cancer. Trends Mol. Med. 2020, 26, 713–715.
DOI Google Scholar
[97]

Lu, Y.; Xue, J. X.; Deng, T.; Zhou, X. J.; Yu, K.; Deng, L.; Huang, M. J.; Yi, X.; Liang, M. Z.; Wang, Y. et al. Safety and feasibility of CRISPR-edited t cells in patients with refractory non-small-cell lung cancer. Nat. Med. 2020, 26, 732–740.
DOI Google Scholar
[98]

Duan, L.; Ouyang, K.; Xu, X.; Xu, L. M.; Wen, C. N.; Zhou, X. Y.; Qin, Z.; Xu, Z. Y.; Sun, W.; Liang, Y. J. Nanoparticle delivery of CRISPR/Cas9 for genome editing. Front. Genet. 2021, 12, 673286.
DOI Google Scholar
[99]

Lakshmanan, V. K.; Jindal, S.; Packirisamy, G.; Ojha, S.; Lian, S.; Kaushik, A.; Alzarooni, A. I. M. A.; Metwally, Y. A. F.; Thyagarajan, S. P.; Do Jung, Y. et al. Nanomedicine-based cancer immunotherapy: Recent trends and future perspectives. Cancer Gene Ther. 2021, 28, 911–923.
DOI Google Scholar
[100]

Liang, Y. J.; Xu, X.; Xu, L. M.; Prasadam, I.; Duan, L.; Xiao, Y.; Xia, J. Non-surgical osteoarthritis therapy, intra-articular drug delivery towards clinical applications. J. Drug Target. 2021, 29, 609–616.
DOI Google Scholar
[101]

Sreedurgalakshmi, K.; Srikar, R.; Rajkumari, R. CRISPR-Cas deployment in non-small cell lung cancer for target screening, validations, and discoveries. Cancer Gene Ther. 2021, 28, 566–580.
DOI Google Scholar
[102]

Zhang, X. F.; Li, B.; Luo, X.; Zhao, W. Y.; Jiang, J.; Zhang, C. X.; Gao, M.; Chen, X. F.; Dong, Y. Z. Biodegradable amino-ester nanomaterials for Cas9 mRNA delivery in vitro and in vivo. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2017, 9, 25481–25487.
DOI Google Scholar
[103]

Usman, W. M.; Pham, T. C.; Kwok, Y. Y.; Vu, L. T.; Ma, V.; Peng, B. Y.; Chan, Y. S.; Wei, L. K.; Chin, S. M.; Azad, A. et al. Efficient RNA drug delivery using red blood cell extracellular vesicles. Nat. Commun. 2018, 9, 2359.
DOI Google Scholar
[104]

Zhu, X. J.; Yu, Z. J.; Feng, L. B.; Deng, L.; Fang, Z. B.; Liu, Z. L.; Li, Y.; Wu, X. R.; Qin, L. Y.; Guo, R. et al. Chitosan-based nanoparticle Co-delivery of docetaxel and curcumin ameliorates anti-tumor chemoimmunotherapy in lung cancer. Carbohydr. Polym. 2021, 268, 118237.
DOI Google Scholar
[105]

Yuba, E.; Tajima, N.; Yoshizaki, Y.; Harada, A.; Hayashi, H.; Kono, K. Dextran derivative-based PH-sensitive liposomes for cancer immunotherapy. Biomaterials 2014, 35, 3091–3101.
DOI Google Scholar
[106]

Guo, L. R.; Yan, D. D.; Yang, D. F.; Li, Y. J.; Wang, X. D.; Zalewski, O.; Yan, B. F.; Lu, W. Combinatorial photothermal and immuno cancer therapy using chitosan-coated hollow copper sulfide nanoparticles. ACS Nano 2014, 8, 5670–5681.
DOI Google Scholar
[107]

Tang, L.; Zheng, Y. R.; Melo, M. B.; Mabardi, L.; Castaño, A. P.; Xie, Y. Q.; Li, N.; Kudchodkar, S. B.; Wong, H. C.; Jeng, E. K. et al. Enhancing T cell therapy through TCR-signaling-responsive nanoparticle drug delivery. Nat. Biotechnol. 2018, 36, 707–716.
DOI Google Scholar
[108]

Met, Ö.; Jensen, K. M.; Chamberlain, C. A.; Donia, M.; Svane, I. M. Principles of adoptive T cell therapy in cancer. Semin. Immunopathol. 2019, 41, 49–58.
DOI Google Scholar
[109]

El Achi, H.; Khoury, J. D.; Loghavi, S. Liquid biopsy by next-generation sequencing: A multimodality test for management of cancer. Curr. Hematol. Malig. Rep. 2019, 14, 358–367.
DOI Google Scholar
Publication history
Copyright
Acknowledgements
Rights and permissions

Publication history

Received: 10 March 2023
Revised: 22 March 2023
Accepted: 23 March 2023
Published: 30 March 2023
Issue date: March 2023

Copyright

© The Author(s) 2023. Nano TransMed published by Tsinghua University Press.

Acknowledgements

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to acknowledge the support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 32201127 and 82270113), Zhejiang Provincial Program for the Cultivation of High-Level Innovative Health Talents, and the grants from the Startup Package of Zhejiang University.

Rights and permissions

The articles published in this open access journal are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Return