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Nano TransMed 2023, 2(1): e9130016 https://doi.org/10.26599/NTM.2023.9130016
Research Article | Open Access | Issue | Published: 10 April 2023

In-vitro physicochemical characterization of a novel type of bone-defect-filling granules—BpNcCaP in comparison to deproteinized bovine bone (Bio-Oss®)

Show Author's Information Gaoli Xu1,2,  Ting Wang3,  Chenxi Shen1,4,  Jian Zhou5,  Ben Wan1,4,  Tymour Forouzanfar1,6,  Haiyan Lin7,8( ),  Gang Wu9( )
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery/Pathology, Amsterdam UMC and Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (VU), Amsterdam Movement Science (AMS), Amsterdam 1081 HV, the Netherlands
Department of Stomatology, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou 310007, China
Department of Stomatology, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
Hangzhou Huibo Science and Technology Co., Ltd, Xinjie Science Park, Hangzhou 311210, China
Department of Stomatology, Hangzhou Stomatology Hospital, Hangzhou 310006, China
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden 2311 BZ, the Netherlands
Department of Implantology, Hangzhou Stomatology Hospital, Hangzhou 310006, China
Savid School of Stomatology, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310059, China
Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam (UvA) and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (VU), Amsterdam 1081 LA, the Netherlands
Keywords:
hydroxyapatite, bone regeneration, osteogenesis, deproteinized bovine bone, calcium phosphate
Cite this article:
Xu G, Wang T, Shen C, et al. In-vitro physicochemical characterization of a novel type of bone-defect-filling granules—BpNcCaP in comparison to deproteinized bovine bone (Bio-Oss®). Nano TransMed, 2023, 2(1): e9130016. https://doi.org/10.26599/NTM.2023.9130016
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Abstract Full text Electronic supplementary material About this article

As alternatives to autografts, allografts, and xenografts, calcium phosphate (CaP)-based bone-defect-filling materials (e.g., deproteinized bovine bone (DBB, Bio-Oss®)) are widely used to repair large-volume bone defects (LVBDs) in clinic. However, most of these materials show a very low degradability due to a sintering process in their production. In this study, we synthesized a novel type of granules—biomimetically precipitated nanocrystalline calcium phosphate (BpNcCaP) by developing our previous biomimetic protocol. We evaluated the cytotoxicity of BpNcCaP by assessing the viability of L929 mouse fibroblasts using a 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. To characterize the physicochemical properties of the novel BpNcCaP granules, we first compared the morphology and composition of BpNcCaP with those of Bio-Oss® using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). We further compared the surface area, pore size distribution, hydrophilicity behavior, and hardness of BpNcCaP with those of Bio-Oss® granules using specific surface area, contact angle, and Vickers hardness as parameters, respectively. BpNcCaP showed no obvious cytotoxicity. In-vitro characterization data showed that BpNcCaP and Bio-Oss® granules were both comprised of nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite (HAp). The Ca/P ratios of BpNcCaP and Bio-Oss® calculated from the EDS results were 1.34 and 1.66, respectively. Hence, BpNcCaP and Bio-Oss® were Ca-deficient HAp. Compared with Bio-Oss®, synthetic BpNcCaP had better hydrophilicity, higher specific surface area, lower crystallinity, and hardness. These data suggested a good performance of BpNcCaP granules in clinical applications.


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Electronic supplementary material
About this article

In-vitro physicochemical characterization of a novel type of bone-defect-filling granules—BpNcCaP in comparison to deproteinized bovine bone (Bio-Oss®)

Show Author's information Gaoli Xu1,2, Ting Wang3, Chenxi Shen1,4, Jian Zhou5, Ben Wan1,4, Tymour Forouzanfar1,6, Haiyan Lin7,8( ), Gang Wu9( )
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery/Pathology, Amsterdam UMC and Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (VU), Amsterdam Movement Science (AMS), Amsterdam 1081 HV, the Netherlands
Department of Stomatology, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou 310007, China
Department of Stomatology, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
Hangzhou Huibo Science and Technology Co., Ltd, Xinjie Science Park, Hangzhou 311210, China
Department of Stomatology, Hangzhou Stomatology Hospital, Hangzhou 310006, China
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden 2311 BZ, the Netherlands
Department of Implantology, Hangzhou Stomatology Hospital, Hangzhou 310006, China
Savid School of Stomatology, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310059, China
Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam (UvA) and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (VU), Amsterdam 1081 LA, the Netherlands

Abstract

As alternatives to autografts, allografts, and xenografts, calcium phosphate (CaP)-based bone-defect-filling materials (e.g., deproteinized bovine bone (DBB, Bio-Oss®)) are widely used to repair large-volume bone defects (LVBDs) in clinic. However, most of these materials show a very low degradability due to a sintering process in their production. In this study, we synthesized a novel type of granules—biomimetically precipitated nanocrystalline calcium phosphate (BpNcCaP) by developing our previous biomimetic protocol. We evaluated the cytotoxicity of BpNcCaP by assessing the viability of L929 mouse fibroblasts using a 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. To characterize the physicochemical properties of the novel BpNcCaP granules, we first compared the morphology and composition of BpNcCaP with those of Bio-Oss® using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). We further compared the surface area, pore size distribution, hydrophilicity behavior, and hardness of BpNcCaP with those of Bio-Oss® granules using specific surface area, contact angle, and Vickers hardness as parameters, respectively. BpNcCaP showed no obvious cytotoxicity. In-vitro characterization data showed that BpNcCaP and Bio-Oss® granules were both comprised of nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite (HAp). The Ca/P ratios of BpNcCaP and Bio-Oss® calculated from the EDS results were 1.34 and 1.66, respectively. Hence, BpNcCaP and Bio-Oss® were Ca-deficient HAp. Compared with Bio-Oss®, synthetic BpNcCaP had better hydrophilicity, higher specific surface area, lower crystallinity, and hardness. These data suggested a good performance of BpNcCaP granules in clinical applications.

Keywords: hydroxyapatite, bone regeneration, osteogenesis, deproteinized bovine bone, calcium phosphate

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Received: 01 March 2023
Revised: 31 March 2023
Accepted: 03 April 2023
Published: 10 April 2023
Issue date: March 2023

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© The Author(s) 2023. Nano TransMed published by Tsinghua University Press.

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Acknowledgements

This study was supported by Key Research and Development Plan of Zhejiang Province (No. 2021C04013), High-End Foreign Expert Recruitment Plan of China (No. G20200216024), Zhejiang Medical and Health Science and Technology Project (No. 2021446434), China Scholarship Council (No. 201808330467).

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