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Review Article | Open Access

Upcycling the cathodes of spent lithium ion batteries into high-performance cathodes

Jiahui Xu1,§, Weng-Lam Wong1,§, Hao Du1, Yuqiong Kang1, Yun Zhao1( ), Bo Lan2, Zhenyu Guo3, Maria-Magdalena Titirici3,4, Feiyu Kang1, Baohua Li1 ( )
Institute of Materials Research, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
Advanced Institute for Materials Research (WPI-AIMR), Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aobaku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8577, Japan

§ Jiahui Xu and Weng-Lam Wong contributed equally to this work.

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Abstract

Recycling spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is crucial for environmental protection and sustainability. Currently, the main methods for recycling spent LIBs include element extraction and material regeneration. Materials upcycling is a complementary strategy aimed at transforming existing materials into next-generation high-performance materials. This review summarizes recent advancements in upcycling cathode materials from spent LIBs into high-performance cathode. We begin by outlining the development of cathode materials and exploiting how material upcycling can meet the needs of future battery technologies. Next, we introduce the concept and historical evolution of cathode material upcycling and provide a detailed summary of strategies such as doping, coating, and the transformation between different cathode materials. Finally, we discuss the challenges of cathode upcycling and offer guidance for future research directions.

Graphical Abstract

Upcycling the cathodes of spent lithium-ion batteries refers to the process of converting cathode materials into new, high-performance materials. In this review, we summarize all reported studies in this field to date, hopefully facilitating the development of cathode upcycling.

Keywords

spent lithium ion batteryrecyclingcathode upcyclingcathode regeneration

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Nano Research Energy
Volume 4 Issue 3,
September 2025
Article number: e9120174
DOI: 10.26599/NRE.2025.9120174

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Cite this article:
Xu J, Wong W-L, Du H, et al. Upcycling the cathodes of spent lithium ion batteries into high-performance cathodes. Nano Research Energy, 2025, 4: e9120174. https://doi.org/10.26599/NRE.2025.9120174

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Received: 24 March 2025
Revised: 14 May 2025
Accepted: 15 May 2025
Published: 12 June 2025
© The Author(s) 2025. Published by Tsinghua University Press.

The articles published in this open access journal are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.