A self-gelling and easily removable halloysite nanotubes/konjac glucomannan composite sponges for irregular hemorrhage control and wound healing

Effective management of bleeding from irregular wounds requires materials with adaptability, wet adhesion and robust hemostatic capacity. We have developed a novel, self-gelling Halloysite Nanotubes/Konjac Glucomannan (HNTs/KGM) composite sponge that exhibits an in-situ sponge-to-hydrogel transition upon application. This design incorporates a dual-action mechanism: the KGM matrix serves as a scaffold for rapid blood cell concentration, while the HNTs function as potent activators of the coagulation cascade. In the preclinical models of severe liver hemorrhage and tail amputation, the optimized HNTs/KGM sponge achieved hemostasis, with blood loss reduced by 75.24% and 97.77%, respectively, demonstrating significantly superior performance compared to control groups. A notable clinical advantage lies in the sponge's one-piece removability post-hemostasis, which mitigates secondary damage associated with residual hemostatic powders, has the potential to facilitate wound healing. Additionally, the composite exhibited excellent cytocompatibility and hemocompatibility, with cell viability exceeding 95% and minimal hemolysis observed. Given its combination of rapid efficacy, superior operability, and robust safety profile, the HNTs/KGM sponge represents a promising candidate for next‑generation hemostatic agents.