Supramolecular network-engineered transparent conductive cellulose/gelatin bioplastics for efficient Joule heating and electromagnetic interference shielding

Petroleum-based plastics are indispensable in modern society, yet their non-degradable nature and toxic byproducts have led to severe environmental pollution and ecological threats. The development of bioplastics that combine high optical transparency, excellent tensile strength, and recyclability remains a significant challenge on the path toward sustainability. To address this challenge, a flexible, transparent bioplastic with exceptional mechanical performance, exhibiting a tensile strength of 77.61 MPa and a Young’s modulus of 2022.02 MPa, was prepared via a straightforward self-assembly strategy using gelatin, 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPO)-oxidized cellulose nanofibril and hyaluronic acid, and as raw materials, based on a supramolecular network formed through multiple hydrogen bonding. Based on this, a dense double conductive layer was fabricated on the bioplastic surface via spin-coating of silver nanowires (AgNWs) and subsequent magnetron sputtering of indium tin oxide (ITO), which imparted high electrical conductivity (455.4 S·m⁻¹), outstanding electromagnetic interference shielding (24.26 dB), and efficient electrothermal heating performance. More importantly, the ITO-assisted welding effect on the AgNWs networks enhanced electrical conductivity, interfacial adhesion, bending durability, and long-term environmental stability. With these integrated functionalities, the conductive bioplastic emerges as a sustainable enabler for next-generation flexible electronics and personal thermotherapy.