Evolution of next-generation guided bone regeneration barrier membranes: Biodegradable materials, advanced structural designs, and intelligent integrated systems

Successful osseointegration and long-term stability of dental implants depend on sufficient healthy bone tissue at the surgical site. Guided bone regeneration (GBR) has emerged as a critical treatment modality for alveolar bone defects, utilizing physical barrier membranes to selectively inhibit soft tissue cell migration and create a favorable environment for osteoblast proliferation. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in GBR barrier membranes, specifically focusing on biodegradable polymers, biodegradable metals, and novel intelligent systems. We first detail the application of absorbable polymers, categorizing natural (e.g., collagen, chitosan, silk fibroin) and synthetic (e.g., polylactic acid (PLA), poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), polycaprolactone (PCL)) materials, and discussing strategies to optimize their degradation kinetics and mechanical stability. A significant portion of this review is dedicated to the burgeoning field of biodegradable metals, particularly magnesium (Mg)- and zinc (Zn)-based alloys, which offer superior space-maintaining capacity and inherent bioactivity without the need for secondary removal. Furthermore, we explore novel GBR membranes characterized by advanced structural designs, such as asymmetric and bioinspired architecture, and smart responsive systems that respond to pH, light, or enzymes. Special emphasis is placed on the integration of electroactive materials, nanotechnology, and the emerging role of artificial intelligence (AI) and flexible sensing for real-time postoperative monitoring. By synthesizing progress across material science and digital technology, this review outlines the transition of GBR membranes from passive barriers to active, intelligent therapeutic platforms for precision bone tissue engineering.