Concrete structure-inspired basalt-based composite fabric with Joule heating deicing, thermoelectric power generation and high-temperature sensing

High-temperature sensing and energy harvesting for intelligent fireproof materials are crucial in extreme environments. However, most materials deform at high temperatures, which limits the operational temperature of sensing materials. Herein, inspired by the "reinforced concrete" structure, a high temperature-resistant basalt/aramid aerogel/graphene composite textile (BAAGCT) for sensing and energy harvesting was prepared. This material features a three-layer structure: the basalt fabric, acting as the "reinforcing steel bars", provides mechanical support; the aramid nanofiber aerogel, functioning as the "concrete", endows the material with flame-retardant and heat-insulating properties; and the graphene coating, serving as a protective layer, enhances electrical conductivity and flame retardancy. After being exposed to a high temperature of 300 °C for 10 min, the composite textile exhibited a deformation rate of less than 1%, which clearly demonstrated its excellent thermal stability. In the aspect of photothermal conversion, the BAAGCT can reach a temperature of 190 °C under an irradiation intensity equivalent to 10 suns (1 W/cm²). Under an intensity equivalent to 2 suns, it can stably generate a voltage of 530 mV, a current of 57.2 mA and the maximum output power density of 3368.44 μW/cm², which is sufficient to continuously power small electronic devices. Moreover, its Joule heating function can melt 2 cm³ of ice within 10 min. Finally, the self-powered motion detection system of the triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) constructed based on the BAAGCT is capable of monitoring the position and status of firefighters in real-time. This demonstrates the potential to enhance rescue efficiency.