Electric-field manipulation of nanofriction in 2D materials

Two-dimensional (2D) materials have demonstrated immense potential in electronic devices, optoelectronic devices, and micro electro mechanical systems due to their unique structures and exceptional physicochemical properties. However, the tribological properties of 2D materials under carrier transportation conditions possess a significant impact on the reliability and lifespan of electronic devices, which poses a critical challenge for practical applications. Traditional macroscopic tribology theories are inadequate in explaining friction mechanisms at the nanoscale. Electric fields, as an effective control method, could dynamically regulate the interface friction behavior through various pathways such as carrier concentration, lattice strain, electron–phonon coupling, electric field-induced redox, and mechanical resonance. They have important potential in the fields of intelligent lubrication and friction sensing. However, the microscopic mechanism of friction energy dissipation under the action of electric fields is still unclear, especially the essence of the interaction between electrons and phonons. This review systematically reviews the modulation mechanisms of current-carrying friction in 2D materials, which includes electronic interactions, electrically induced strain, electron–phonon coupling, electric field-induced redox effects, and mechanical resonance. The relevant research indicates that applied electric fields could dynamically alter interfacial adhesion and energy dissipation pathways by modulating carrier concentration, lattice deformation, and surface chemical reactions. This capability enables precise control over friction coefficients. Furthermore, environmental factors (humidity) and multi-physical field coupling (electric and magnetic fields) exert additional influences on frictional behavior. This review exhibits the application potential of these mechanisms in low-power devices and intelligent lubrication systems. Additionally, it underscores the necessity of integrating multi-scale simulations with experimental validation in future studies. These researches would deepen mechanistic understanding and facilitate the development of novel modulation strategies.