An enhanced continuous one-way rotation multi-layered triboelectric nanogenerator with high power density for exploiting ocean wave energy

Ocean waves present a promising renewable energy resource due to their high energy density, global availability, and significant energy storage capacity. To enhance the efficiency of wave energy harvesting, a novel multi-layered nested continuously rotating triboelectric nanogenerator (MCR-TENG) has been developed. This advanced design incorporates four TENG units arranged to optimize the internal space within a cylindrical tube, coupled with a gear system that synchronizes with both the ascent and descent phases of ocean waves. This configuration effectively converts the up-and-down motion of waves into continuous rotational motion, thus enhancing energy capture capacity. The MCR-TENG demonstrates a peak output power of 70.23 mW and an average output power of 17.52 mW, with a volumetric average power density of 4.49 W·m⁻³. The device successfully powers various appliances, including commercial navigation lights, water quality detection pens, temperature and humidity sensors, and water immersion alarms, thereby showcasing its substantial load capacity and efficient energy conversion. This study marks a significant advancement in the development of TENG technology for practical wave energy applications, offering improved energy harvesting efficiency and demonstrating its potential for real-world deployment.